Het veranderen van alle namen in Afrikaanse namen maakte deel uit van de afrikaniseringspolitiek. De afscheiding werd niet afgekeurd door België. Volgens socioloog Gauthier de Villers volgde de stelselmatige aftakeling van het regime echter een eigen logica, en was het einde van de Koude Oorlog enkel de genadeslag voor het regime.[1]. He received massive military aid and about a thousand Soviet technical advisers within six weeks. Independent trade unions were illegal until 1991. William Close, father of actress Glenn Close, was once a personal physician to Mobutu and wrote a book focusing on his service in Zaire. [52] His elder son from his second marriage, Nzanga Mobutu Ngbangawe, now[when?] Lumumba rejected this action but was forced to retire to his residence, where UN peacekeepers prevented Mobutu's soldiers from arresting him. De soldaten moordden hele dorpen uit, de VN spraken van volkerenmoord. Dat gebeurde uiteindelijk ook. This was the usual punishment for rebellious students. In deze periode brak de onafhankelijkheidsstrijd uit in Congo en de Belgische regering besliste over te gaan tot een snelle onafhankelijkheid. Decennialang werd Mobutu gesteund door de westerse leiders en door andere Afrikaanse dictators: Idi Amin, Siad Barre en Robert Mugabe.[bron?] Hij twijfelde bijvoorbeeld nooit om zijn tegenstanders fysiek uit te schakelen. But everyone agreed that this was an extremely intelligent man, very young, perhaps immature, but a man with great potential. Maar de geest was uit de fles. For example, in 1970, he expelled four Soviet diplomats for carrying out "subversive activities", and in 1971, twenty Soviet officials were declared persona non grata for allegedly instigating student demonstrations at Lovanium University. Mobutu appointed Kengo Wa Dondo, an advocate of austerity and free-market reforms, as prime minister. Zijn machtsinstrument, het leger, was gedesorganiseerd, slecht bewapend, ongedisciplineerd en verdeeld volgens etnische lijnen. The name "Mobutu" was selected by an uncle. Mobutu onderdrukte elke tegenstand tegen zijn regime op meedogenloze wijze. Several contemporaries indicate that Belgian intelligence had recruited Mobutu to be an informer to the government. Losing confidence that the international community would support his reinstatement, Lumumba fled in late November to join his supporters in Stanleyville to establish a new government. La RDC célèbrera discrètement ce jeudi le 20e anniversaire de la mort de celui qui a dirigé le pays durant 32 ans d’une main de fer, le maréchal Mobutu Sese Seko, considéré aujourd’hui comme le principal responsable de la crise morale qui sévit toujours dans l’ex-Zaïre. Omdat hij militair was, moest Mobutu schrijven onder de schuilnaam J. de Banzy. To this end, King offered the bout to any African country that put up the money to host it, in exchange for recognition. (1993) "Zaire in the International Arena" in, Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration, Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families, "Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule", "Chronology for Ngbandi in the Dem. Côté cuisine, Mobutu aimait le gibier, le mouton, le pondu (la feuille de manioc), mais n’appréciait pas le poulet surgelé importé. Mobutu gained Zaire and its people considerable publicity in the weeks even before the televised bout, as worldwide attention focused on his country. [59] Mobutu maintained several personal contacts with prominent Belgians. Robert Block on an unpopular survivor", Concorde supersonique jet / Gallery / Pictures, "Plundering politicians and bribing multinationals undermine international development, says TI", ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Establishment of a Personalistic Regime", "RDC : La mort prématurée de Manda Mobutu met un point final à l'histoire du "Zaïre, Department of State Background Notes: Congo (Kinshasa) Foreign Relations, ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with France", "Shaba II: The French and Belgian Intervention in Zaire in 1978", ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with the United States", "When He Was King: On the trail of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's former Kleptocrat-in-Chief", "Zaire's Mobutu Visits America," by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #239, 29 June 1989, "Togo prods Mobutu to move on _ but to where? [80], Mobutu enjoyed a very warm relationship with the Reagan Administration, through financial donations. Meteen na zijn aankomst stelde hij Mobutu aan als zijn secretaris. [4] During his reign, he amassed a large personal fortune through economic exploitation and corruption, leading some to call his rule a "kleptocracy". Crawford Young, Thomas Edwin Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 210, 1985, University of Wisconsin Press, Vieira, David Lazure: Precolonial Imaginaries and Colonial Legacies in Mobutu's "Authentic" Zaire in: Exploitation and Misrule in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa, (edited by) Kalu, Kenneth and Falola, Toyin, pp. For reasons unknown, he cancelled the visit at the last minute, and toured the People's Republic of China and North Korea instead.[74]. Op 5 juli sloeg het leger in Leopoldstad aan het muiten. Gbemani died when Mobutu was eight. [19], On 5 July 1960, soldiers of the Force Publique stationed at Camp Léopold II in Léopoldville, dissatisfied with their all-white leadership and working conditions, mutinied. Vanaf 1990 veranderde het internationale klimaat echter. He ordered the people to change their European names to African ones, and priests were warned that they would face five years' imprisonment if they were caught baptizing a Zairian child with a European name. Dit beeld had een krachtige uitwerking op de bevolking van Zaïre. Janssen wrote a book describing Mobutu's daily routine, which included several daily bottles of wine, retainers flown in from overseas, and lavish meals.[56]. Only the Special Presidential Division – on whom his physical safety depended – was paid adequately or regularly. On 16 May 1997, following failed peace talks held in Pointe-Noire on board the South African Navy ship SAS Outeniqua with Kabila and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela (who chaired the talks), Mobutu fled into exile. Mobutu's politiek was er vooral op gericht zichzelf en zijn vertrouwelingen te verrijken en hij bouwde aldus een echte kleptocratie uit. [73], Moscow was the only major world capital Mobutu never visited, although he did accept an invitation to do so in 1974. Altogether, Mobutu had at least twenty-one children:[93], On trips across Zaire he appropriated the droit de cuissage (right to deflower) as local chiefs offered him virgins; this practice was considered an honor for the virgin's family.[94]. [79] In 1980, the US House of Representatives voted to terminate military aid to Zaire, but the US Senate reinstated the funds, in response to pressure from Carter and American business interests in Zaire. [23] The following day government delegations left the capital to oversee the Africanisation of the army; Mobutu was sent to Équateur.[24]. Op 2 juni 1971 herdachten de studenten van Lovanium hun overleden kameraden binnen de omheining van de campus. Dit keer bleek de coup definitief. "[95], Mobutu was infamous for embezzling the equivalent of billions of US dollars from his country. He was known for extravagances such as shopping trips to Paris via the supersonic and expensive Concorde.[8]. Yaki wore a US$70,000 wedding gown and US$3 million worth of jewels. On the same day Mobutu fled into exile, Laurent-Désiré Kabila became the new president of Congo. Mobutu even borrowed a title – the Helmsman – from Mao. His favourites were the writings of French president Charles de Gaulle, British prime minister Winston Churchill, and Italian Renaissance philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli. According to Mobutu's ex-son-in-law, Pierre Janssen (the ex-husband of Mobutu's daughter Yaki), Mobutu had no concern for the cost of the expensive gifts he gave away to his cronies. A staunch anti-communist, he was not anxious to recognize the Soviets; the USSR had supported—though mostly in words—both Patrice Lumumba, Mobutu's democratically elected predecessor, and the Simba rebellion. Mobutu received strong support (military, diplomatic and economic) from the United States, France and Belgium, who believed he was a strong opponent of communism in Francophone Africa. Mobutu was known for his opulent lifestyle. With the government in near-paralysis, Mobutu seized power in a bloodless coup on 25 November. Mobutu droeg een eigen uniform, gebaseerd op kledij gedragen door Jawaharlal Nehru en Mao Zedong, met frivole Afrikaanse invloeden. During Reagan's presidency, Mobutu visited the White House three times, and criticism of Zaire's human rights record by the US was effectively muted. Barbara Kingsolver's 1998 historical novel The Poisonwood Bible depicts the events of the Congo Crisis from a fictional standpoint, featuring the role of Mobutu in the crisis. Some of them, such as Hugues Leclercq and Colonel Willy Mallants, were interviewed in Thierry Michel's documentary Mobutu, King of Zaire. The latter was perceived as calmer and more thoughtful. It was later discovered that he was murdered the same day by the secessionist forces of Moise Tshombe, after Mobutu's government turned him over. Een jaar later, op 4 januari 1969, werd opnieuw een studentenmanifestatie georganiseerd. "Un jour j’avais trouvé quelque chose de bizarre sous forme d’un miroir sous son oreiller, j’ai appelé son épouse qui l’a déplacé mais sans me dire de quoi il s’agissait…Mobutu et son épouse n’allaient pas à l’église, Même les dimanches, on restait toujours à la maison et ils ne priaient même pas au palais". The anti-Mobutu government was headed by Laurent Monsengwo and Étienne Tshisekedi of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress. A physically imposing figure, Mobutu dominated school sports. The revolt spread across the region in the following days. [75] However, many people viewed these charges with skepticism; in fact, one of Mobutu's staunchest critics, Nzongola-Ntalaja, speculated that Mobutu invented the plot as an excuse to purge the military of talented officers who might otherwise pose a threat to his rule. [10] Mobutu's mother, Marie Madeleine Yemo, was a hotel maid who fled to Lisala to escape the harem of a local village chief. Voting was not secret; voters chose a green paper if they supported Mobutu's candidacy, and a red paper if they opposed his candidacy. In the 1996 documentary of the 1974 Foreman-Ali fight in Zaire, dancers receiving the fighters can be heard chanting "Sese Seko, Sese Seko". Le président dictateur l’avait repérée un jour lors d’une visite dans sa belle-famille alors que Ayo, encore adolescente, habitait dans la même avenue que sa première épouse "Maman " Marie-Antoinette Mobutu. " Il a dit : lorsque mon épouse viendra ici, elle repartira avec elle…Tout a commencé par-là" déclare la nourrice. Daarnaast werden ook de universiteiten slachtoffer van het mobutisme. Door de staatsinkomsten af te romen vergaarde hij miljarden. Envoyez un courriel à francais@dw.com ou laissez un message sur notre page Facebook DW Francais. [2][3] Mobutu was the object of a pervasive cult of personality. Lumumba wanted to keep both men in his government and wished to avoid upsetting one of their camps of supporters. Mobutu was married twice. [4], Als journalist bezocht Mobutu in 1958 voor het eerst België. However, to project a non-aligned image, he did renew ties in 1967; the first Soviet ambassador arrived and presented his credentials in 1968. Capsule santé est une mini-série composée de courts extraits audios sur des thèmes liés à la santé et à votre bien-être. [citation needed]. He also built close ties with the governments of Apartheid South Africa, Israel and the Greek military junta. Na zijn terugkeer in Zaïre is hij fysiek erg verzwakt. [69][70] In November 1972, Mobutu extended diplomatic recognition to the Chinese (as well as East Germany and North Korea). The men were executed on charges of being in contact with Colonel Alphonse Bangala and Major Pierre Efomi, for the purpose of planning a coup. Daar volgde hij gedurende twee jaar een cursus secretariaat en boekhouding. Two of his sons from his first marriage died during his lifetime, Nyiwa (d. 16 September 1994) and Konga (d. 1992). Zaire itself launched an ill-fated, pre-emptive invasion of Angola in a bid to install a pro-Kinshasa government, but was repulsed by Cuban troops. The following year, Mobutu paid a visit to Beijing, where he met with chairman Mao Zedong and received promises of $100 million in technical aid. Accordingly, both Zaire and China covertly funneled aid to the FNLA (and later, UNITA) in order to prevent the MPLA, who were supported and augmented by Cuban forces, from coming to power. De belangrijkste Congolese politici werden in Brussel uitgenodigd om een rondetafelconferentie bij te wonen. Because of Mobutu's poor human rights record, the Carter Administration put some distance between itself and the Kinshasa government;[77] even so, Zaire received nearly half the foreign aid Carter allocated to sub-Saharan Africa. Lumumba liet zich echter niet zomaar aan de kant zetten en ontsloeg op zijn beurt Kasavubu. Terug in Congo woonde Mobutu een vurige toespraak van Patrice Lumumba bij en hij werd meteen een 'lumumbist'. Cela va faire vingt ans que le maréchal Mobutu a disparu. His card, when played, increases the stability of the country then known as Zaire and increases the influence of the United States over the African nation. Lumumba werd premier en Joseph Kasavubu president van de nieuwe natie. Mobutu werd de verpersoonlijking van de nationale eenheid. Tot overmaat van ramp scheidde de rijke provincie Katanga zich op 11 juli onder het leiderschap van Moïse Tshombe af. Troisième volet de notre série sur la démocratie : comment les indépendances n'ont pas assouvi les espoirs de démocratie des peuples africains. Turner, Thomas. He was assassinated in 2001, and succeeded by his son Joseph Kabila. His portraits were hung in many public places, and government officials wore lapel pins bearing his portrait. Already suffering from advanced prostate cancer, he died three months later in Morocco. A 15 ans, elle a été embauchée et est allée vivre dans le Palais présidentiel du Mont Ngaliema. Het 'mobutisme' werd ingesteld als nationale ideologie en Mobutu moest beschouwd worden als 'messias'. The AFDL would have completely overrun the country far sooner if not for the country's decrepit infrastructure. "Il battait sa femme pendant ses crises de jalousie… un soir, on était tous au salon… il est parti au lit le premier, son épouse et moi sommes restées pour regarder un film. Mobutu Sese Seko (Lisala (Belgisch-Congo), 14 oktober 1930 – Rabat (), 7 september 1997), geboren als Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was een militair dictator en president van Congo.Mobutu liet de landsnaam in 1971 veranderen in Zaïre.Na zijn overlijden in 1997 werd de naam Congo-Kinshasa ingevoerd. In 1970 King Baudouin of Belgium made a highly successful state visit to Kinshasa. [87], Mobutu went into temporary exile in Togo, until President Gnassingbé Eyadéma insisted that Mobutu leave the country a few days later. His mother eventually sent him to an uncle in Coquilhatville, where he attended the Christian Brothers School, a Catholic-mission boarding school. To gain the revenues of Congolese resources, Mobutu initially nationalized foreign-owned firms and forced European investors out of the country. Parliament refused to recognise the dismissals and urged reconciliation, but no agreement was reached. All citizens automatically became members of the MPR from birth. At the same time, the party president was automatically nominated as the sole candidate for a seven-year term as president of the republic; he was confirmed in office by a referendum. De Koude Oorlog liep ten einde en de westerse regeringen hadden behoefte aan andere bondgenoten dan het soort dictators dat ze vanaf de jaren zestig gedoogd hadden als afweer tegen het communisme. The expedition was a fiasco with far-reaching repercussions, most notably the Shaba I and Shaba II invasions, both of which China opposed. Je me suis inquiétée. Bij aanvang van de conferentie zat Lumumba nog in de gevangenis in Leopoldstad. On plaçait toujours des journaux à ses côtés. "),[35][36] or Mobutu Sese Seko for short. Another tactic was to arrest and sometimes torture dissident members of the government, only to later pardon them and reward them with high office. On 22 September 1974, Mobutu presented the rebuilt 20 May Stadium, a multi-million-dollar sports project constructed to host the Ali-Foreman boxing card, to the Zaire Ministry of Youth and Sport, and to the people of Zaire. From eastern Zaire, the rebels, aided by foreign government forces under the leadership of President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and Rwandan Minister of Defense Paul Kagame launched an offensive to overthrow Mobutu, joining forces with locals opposed to him under Laurent-Désiré Kabila as they marched west toward Kinshasa. [76] In spite of these hindrances, the chilly relationship quickly thawed when both countries found each other supporting the same side during the Angolan Civil War. During King Baudouin's highly successful visit to Kinshasa in 1970, a treaty of friendship and cooperation between the two countries was signed. De rebellen grepen onder leiding van Laurent-Désiré Kabila de macht in mei 1997. Another feature of Mobutu's economic mismanagement, directly linked to the way he and his friends siphoned off so much of the country's wealth, was rampant inflation. The bout took place in Kinshasa during Mobutu's rule. The wife of the Belgian judge took a liking to Mobutu and taught him to speak, read, and write fluently in the French language, the official language of the country in the colonial period. He is buried in an above ground mausoleum at Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, in the Christian cemetery known as Cimetiere Europeen. [84], In 2011, Time magazine described him as the "archetypal African dictator".[8]. the head of the family, was a candidate in the 2006 presidential elections and later served in the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as Minister of State for Agriculture. For the most part, Zaire enjoyed warm relations with the United States. De rebellen beschikten niet over een leger en de inname van de hoofdstad werd een echt bloedbad. Hun verblijf was vernederend, maar ook verhelderend en de Congolezen konden contacten leggen die door de koloniale repressie in eigen land onmogelijk waren, wat sterk bijdroeg aan de snelle onafhankelijkheid.[5]. [50] Close relatives and fellow members of the Ngbandi tribe were awarded high positions in the military and government, and he groomed his eldest son, Nyiwa, to succeed him as president;[51] however, Nyiwa died from AIDS in 1994. Burundi and Angola also supported the growing rebellion, which mushroomed into the First Congo War. It defined the MPR as the "single institution" in the country. Mobutu was instrumental in bringing the Rumble in the Jungle boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman to Zaire on 30 October 1974. Mobutu installed a government that arranged for Lumumba's execution in 1961, and continued to lead the country's armed forces until he took power directly in a second coup in 1965 to become the country's military dictator. Relations soured early in Mobutu's rule over disputes involving the substantial Belgian commercial and industrial holdings in the country, but they warmed soon afterwards. Mobutu was also featured in the feature film Lumumba, directed by Raoul Peck, which detailed the pre-coup and coup years from the perspective of Lumumba. As this was during the Cold War, the US government feared that the Soviet activity was a maneuver to spread communist influence in Central Africa. [28] In his first speech upon taking power, Mobutu told a large crowd at Léopoldville's main stadium that, since politicians had brought the country to ruin in five years, it would take him at least that long to set things right again. Relations between Zaire and Belgium wavered between close intimacy and open hostility during the Mobutu years. Ondertussen werd hij ook journalist bij de Congolese krant Actualités Africaines. Cela va faire vingt ans que le maréchal Mobutu a disparu. [97], Relations with the People's Republic of China. It was officially defined as "the nation politically organized"—in essence, the state was a transmission belt for the party. One of the MPR's slogans was "Neither left nor right", to which would be added "nor even center" in later years. Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [25], On 23 January 1961, Kasa-Vubu promoted Mobutu to major-general. As what was then the second most populous French-speaking country in the world (it has subsequently come to have a larger population than France) and the most populous one in sub-Saharan Africa,[63] Zaire was of great strategic interest to France. In 1974, Mobutu made a surprise visit to both China and North Korea, during the time he was originally scheduled to visit the Soviet Union. Accordingly, the US and other Western powers began pressuring Mobutu to democratize the regime. That same year, all trade unions were consolidated into a single union, the National Union of Zairian Workers, and brought under government control. Mobutu was becoming increasingly physically frail and during one of his absences for medical treatment in Europe, Tutsis captured much of eastern Zaire. Ook vrouwen werden gestimuleerd zich 'Afrikaans' in plaats van westers te kleden. When Mobutu's government issued an order in November 1996 forcing Tutsis to leave Zaire on penalty of death, the ethnic Tutsis in Zaire,[85] known as Banyamulenge, were the focal point of a rebellion. Et Ayo ajoute : "Il ne mangeait pas beaucoup pour éviter de grossir " En tout cas, l’ancienne nourrice affirme qu’elle n’a jamais vu le maréchal tomber malade, « même pas une petite fièvre ». He also served as Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity from 1967 to 1968. Later werd zijn partij, de Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, de enige bij grondwet toegelaten partij. Uprisings by former Katangan gendarmeries were crushed, as were the Stanleyville mutinies of 1967 led by white mercenaries. Que faisait souvent Mobutu, une fois à la maison après le travail ? "Lorsqu’il revenait du travail…il entrait au salon, il enlevait sa toque qu’il plaçait sur un tabouret juste derrière la porte…..Au salon il aimait beaucoup regarder la télé, et lire les journaux. On 14 September Mobutu launched a bloodless coup, declaring both Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba to be "neutralised" and establishing a new government of university graduates, the College of Commissioners-General. Mobutu consolideerde meteen zijn macht. Ailing with cancer, Mobutu was in Switzerland for treatment,[86] and he was unable to coordinate the resistance which crumbled in front of the march. Mobutu gaf zichzelf titels als De gids en De maarschalk. Vingt ans après la dépouille du maréchal repose pour sa part toujours à Rabat, dans le carré chrétien du cimetière de la capitale marocaine. Mobutu assisted other officials in negotiating with the mutineers to secure the release of the officers and their families. Prime Minister Wilfried Martens recalled in his memoirs that the palace gates closed completely after Mobutu published a handwritten letter of the King. To consolidate his power, he established the Popular Movement of the Revolution as the sole legal political party in 1967, changed the Congo's name to Zaire in 1971, and his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko in 1972. Mobutu Sese Seko (Lisala (Belgisch-Congo), 14 oktober 1930 – Rabat (Marokko), 7 september 1997), geboren als Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was een militair dictator en president van Congo. [30] By 1970, nearly all potential threats to his authority had been smashed, and for the most part, law and order was brought to nearly all parts of the country. Het Congolese volk leed honger, maar Mobutu liet voor zichzelf en zijn familie elf paleizen in Zaïre bouwen. "The Party-State as a System of Rule". Mobutu was willing to fund the ten million dollar purse and host the bout, in order to gain international recognition and legitimacy in the process. In 1964, Pierre Mulele led partisans in another rebellion. Mobutu bleek al snel een wreed dictator. [40] In June 1983, he raised himself to the rank of Field Marshal;[41] the order was signed by General Likulia Bolongo. The embassies of Western nations, which helped pay the soldiers' salaries, as well as Kasa-Vubu and Mobutu's subordinates, all favored getting rid of the Soviet presence. Janssen married Yaki in a lavish ceremony that included three orchestras, a US$65,000 wedding cake, and a giant fireworks display. Lemarchand, René. De dictaturen moesten nu vervangen worden door democratieën. Après nous nous sommes séparées, nos chambres étaient en face l’une de l’autre) après quelques temps son épouse commençait à crier dans la chambre, j’ai entendu beaucoup de bruits. Mobutu nam het voortouw door zijn naam te veranderen van 'Joseph-Désiré Mobutu' in 'Mobutu Sese Seko kuku Ngbendu wa za Banga' (= de sterke, krachtige leider die het land naar voorspoed zal brengen). Hij stond bekend om zijn buitensporig dure feesten en bezat vastgoed in het buitenland. Mobutu trachtte zelf nog hervormingen door te voeren door in 1990 het einde van de eenpartijstaat aan te kondigen en ruimte te maken voor een driepartijenstaat, waarbij hij officieel afstand nam van zijn partij Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution (MPR). Mobutu kon in dit stadium nog niet beschouwd worden als ‘de sterke man’ van Congo. The governments of Belgium and France deployed troops with logistical support from the United States and defeated the rebels again. [14], As a soldier, Mobutu wrote pseudonymously on contemporary politics for Actualités Africaines (African News), a magazine set up by a Belgian colonial. By mid-1997, Kabila's forces resumed their advance, and the remains of Mobutu's army offered almost no resistance.
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