Mediante sus trabajos de campo, Wallace decidió estudiar de qué forma la geografía afectaba la distribución de las diferentes especies. It is very well researched and the author explains clearly the differences between Darwin and Wallace's contribution to the theory of natural selection. [21][22], After his return to the UK, Wallace spent 18 months in London living on the insurance payment for his lost collection and selling a few specimens that had been shipped back to Britain prior to his starting his exploration of the Rio Negro until the Indian town of Jativa on Orinoco River basin and as far west as Micúru (Mitú) on the Vaupés River. [58], Unlike Darwin, Wallace began his career as a travelling naturalist already believing in the transmutation of species. Wallace se fiança en 1864 avec une jeune femme, identifiée dans son autobiographie sous le nom de Miss L., mais elle rompit les fiançailles[22]. En 1889, Wallace publia Darwinism dans lequel il répondit aux critiques scientifiques sur la sélection naturelle[90]. It, in turn, was attacked by The Lancet, which stated that it contained many of the same errors as his evidence given to the commission.[161]. Sino también compartiendo las opiniones personales con los colegas en privado. His treatment of Mars in this book was brief, and in 1907, Wallace returned to the subject with a book Is Mars Habitable? He further broke down the 747 short pieces by their primary subjects as follows. Quien de hecho no tenía una teoría propia. Wallace, intrigued by the challenge and short of money at the time, designed an experiment in which he set up two objects along a six-mile (10 km) stretch of canal. [74], Wallace had once briefly met Darwin, and was one of the correspondents whose observations Darwin used to support his own theories. Wallace then moved to London to board with his older brother John, a 19-year-old apprentice builder. [37], In 1876, Wallace needed a £500 advance from the publisher of The Geographical Distribution of Animals to avoid having to sell some of his personal property. Did they independently visualize the path of evolution as a branching, tree-like process? Il est aussi considéré comme un expert en matière de répartition géographique des espèces animales et est parfois appelé le « père de la biogéographie ». C'était aussi un élément du désaccord de longue date qui opposait Wallace et Darwin sur l'importance de la sélection sexuelle. to criticise the claims made by Percival Lowell that there were Martian canals built by intelligent beings. Save by strange names uncouth to English ears. Cuando hubo ahorrado lo suficiente, se embarcó hacia Brasil junto con su amigo e instructor Henry Bates, con la finalidad de recolectar una gran cantidad de insectos y venderlos en el Reino Unido. [67] In this paper, he discussed observations regarding the geographic and geologic distribution of both living and fossil species, what would become known as biogeography. Quand les membres de la commission examinèrent la documentation qu'il avait fournie pour appuyer ses dires, ils trouvèrent des erreurs, dont quelques statistiques hasardeuses. Por lo tanto, se consideraba que las únicas especies que habían sobrevivido dentro del arca eran las que se mantenían vivas para aquel entonces. En réalité, Wallace a développé ses propres théories évolutionnistes, lesquelles différaient de celles de Darwin, et il était considéré par beaucoup à l'époque (particulièrement Darwin) comme étant un penseur important sur l'évolution dont les idées ne pouvaient être ignorées. 1857: On the Natural History of the Aru Islands. Se dice que Wallace fue tratado injustamente por la historia de la ciencia, ya que algunos estudiosos consideran que él fue el verdadero descubridor de la evolución de las especies. The cause of this change is, however, very easily explained. Wallace fit des recherches pendant des mois, consulta de nombreux experts et aboutit à sa propre analyse scientifique du climat et des conditions atmosphériques sur Mars[113]. Aunque a veces no es fácil distinguir esas diferencias, pueden estar en … Il témoigna en 1890 devant une commission royale qui enquêtait sur la polémique. Vers la fin de l'article, il pose la question suivante : « Les espèces étroitement liées ont-elles jamais été séparées par un large intervalle de terre ? Wallace accepted the arrangement after the fact, happy that he had been included at all, and never expressed bitterness in public or in private. [6] When Wallace was five years old, his family moved to Hertford. Vers la même époque, il commença aussi à affirmer que la sélection naturelle ne pouvait expliquer le génie mathématique, artistique ou musical, ni les méditations métaphysiques, l'esprit ou l'humour. After a few months, Wallace found work as a civil engineer for a nearby firm that was working on a survey for a proposed railway in the Vale of Neath. In 1875 Wallace published the evidence he believed proved his position in his book On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism which is a compilation of essays he wrote over a period of time. [138][142], Spiritualism appealed to many educated Victorians who no longer found traditional religious doctrine, such as that of the Church of England, acceptable yet were unsatisfied with the completely materialistic and mechanical view of the world that was increasingly emerging from 19th-century science. At the time, the germ theory of disease was very new and far from universally accepted. [53], Wallace continued his scientific work in parallel with his social commentary. Seuls des destinataires résidant dans votre pays peuvent récupérer un ebook offert. Gracias a su notable interés académico, Alfred Russel Wallace pudo conocer al naturalista y explorador Henry Walter Bates, de quien se hizo muy amigo. Por favor, inténtalo de nuevo más tarde. Here he was exposed to the radical political ideas of the Welsh social reformer Robert Owen and of Thomas Paine. Durant cette période, bien qu'il eût perdu la plus grande partie de ses notes sur son expédition sud-américaine, il n'écrivit pas moins de six articles universitaires (dont « Sur les singes d’Amazonie ») et deux livres : Palm Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses et Travels on the Amazon[14]. Tanto Darwin como Wallace fueron unos ingleses aventureros llenos de curiosidad y realizaron las mismas preguntas en el siglo XIX. They were, however, aided by the reckless waste of man. This is a meticulously and somewhat tediously researched examination of questions that seemed to me already ... Commenté aux États-Unis le 22 novembre 2016. Wallace did months of research, consulted various experts, and produced his own scientific analysis of the Martian climate and atmospheric conditions. ». After a brief period of unemployment, he was hired as a master at the Collegiate School in Leicester to teach drawing, mapmaking, and surveying. Wallace, Darwin, and the Origin of Species by James T. Costa (2014-06-16). By February 1858, Wallace had been convinced by his biogeographical research in the Malay Archipelago that evolution was real. Après avoir examiné les écrits sur ce sujet et tenté d'évaluer les phénomènes dont il avait été le témoin pendant des séances, il en vint à accepter que la croyance était liée à une réalité naturelle. In The World of Life (1911) he wrote: These considerations should lead us to look upon all the works of nature, animate or inanimate, as invested with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused, and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. Wallace publicó una teoría de la evolución radicalmente innovadora (menos la selección natural) en un artículo de 1855. These included the concepts of warning colouration in animals, and reinforcement (sometimes known as the Wallace effect), a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation. Pendant qu'il travaillait dans le bassin amazonien, il se rendit compte que les barrières géographiques – telles que l'Amazone et ses principaux affluents – séparaient souvent des variétés d'espèces très proches les unes des autres, et inclut ces observations dans son article « On the Monkeys of the Amazon » en 1853[46]. Pero se recuerda a Darwin como el descubridor de la teoría porque su contribución fue colocada en primer lugar. Wallace ainsi que certains scientifiques qui défendaient le spiritisme, notamment William Crookes, furent l'objet de beaucoup de critiques de la part de la presse, The Lancet, principale revue médicale anglaise à l'époque, se montrant particulièrement virulent. But whether there be a God and whatever be His nature; whether we have an immortal soul or not, or whatever may be our state after death, I can have no fear of having to suffer for the study of nature and the search for truth, or believe that those will be better off in a future state who have lived in the belief of doctrines inculcated from childhood, and which are to them rather a matter of blind faith than intelligent conviction.[135]. Debido a esto, Wallace estaba convencido de que el ser humano escapaba de las leyes evolutivas, puesto que consideraba que tanto la inteligencia como el habla (características propias del hombre) eran habilidades que no podían explicarse mediante la evolución. Wallace won multiple libel suits against Hampden, but the resulting litigation cost Wallace more than the amount of the wager, and the controversy frustrated him for years. [163] He received honorary doctorates and a number of professional honours, such the Royal Society's Royal Medal and Darwin Medal in 1868 and 1890, respectively,[164] and the Order of Merit in 1908. In 1872, Wallace built the Dell, a house of concrete, on land he leased in Grays in Essex, where he lived until 1876. Dans la première, datée du 1er mai 1857, Darwin nota que la lettre de Wallace du 10 octobre qu'il venait de recevoir ainsi que son article de 1855 « On the Law that has regulated the Introduction of New Species » montraient qu'ils pensaient tous deux de la même façon et arrivaient dans une certaine mesure à des conclusions similaires, ajoutant qu'il se préparait à publier ses travaux d'ici environ deux ans[54]. Lorsque Wallace rentre en Angleterre (1862), il développe sa position, très proche de celle de Darwin, dans Contribution to the Theory of Natural Selection (1870) et Darwinisn, an Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Applications (1889). He discussed how isolation affected evolution and how that could result in the preservation of classes of animals, such as the lemurs of Madagascar that were remnants of once widespread continental faunas. [20] On 12 July 1852, Wallace embarked for the UK on the brig Helen. ». [122] Extending the system developed by Sclater for birds—which divided the earth into six separate geographic regions for describing species distribution—to cover mammals, reptiles and insects as well, Wallace created the basis for the zoogeographic regions still in use today. van Whye, John Dispelling the Darkness, World Scientific, 2013, p. 310. Esto debilitó el estatus financiero de la familia. Paper on the geography and possible geographic history of Indonesia with concluding remarks on importance of biogeography and biodiversity that are frequently cited in modern conservation circles. Darwin fut impressionné par cette idée. Todos los derechos reservados. Il déménagea à Kington fin 1839, près de la frontière galloise, pour finalement s'installer à Neath dans le comté de Glamorgan. Wallace l'avait rencontrée grâce à Richard Spruce, lequel était ami avec le père d'Annie, William Mitten, un expert en mousses. Around the start of 1856, he told Darwin about Wallace's paper, as did Edward Blyth who thought it "Good! The first complete online edition of the writings of Alfred Russel Wallace, "Great Lives - Bill Bailey on his hero Alfred Russel Wallace", Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&oldid=979593710, Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society, Fellows of the Zoological Society of London, People associated with Birkbeck, University of London, People educated at Hertford Grammar School, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Botanist identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Notant les interactions complexes entre la végétation et le climat, il prévint qu'un déboisement massif de la forêt tropicale pour la culture du café à Ceylan (Sri Lanka) et en Inde affecterait défavorablement le climat dans ces pays et conduirait à leur éventuel appauvrissement à la suite d'une érosion du sol[108]. Wallace also hoped to gather evidence of the transmutation of species. [85][86], After Wallace returned to England in 1862, he became one of the staunchest defenders of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. When the commission examined the material he had submitted to support his testimony, they found errors, including some questionable statistics. La cause de ce changement est, toutefois, très facilement explicable. Most of the lectures were on Darwinism (evolution through natural selection), but he also gave speeches on biogeography, spiritualism, and socio-economic reform. ", "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type", "Alfred Russel Wallace: Evolution of an Evolutionist Introduction", "Is Mars Habitable?, by Alfred Russel Wallace", "Alfred Russel Wallace: A Capsule Biography", "Bibliography of the Writings of Alfred Russel Wallace", "University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge | Historical significance", "Land Nationalisation; Its Necessity and Its Aims; Being a Comparison of the System of Landlord and Tenant With That of Occupying Ownership in Their Influence on the Well-being of the People", "Paper Money as a Standard of Value (S557: 1898)", "The Causes of War, and the Remedies (S567: 1899)", "Wallace Collection – Wallace's 'Sarawak law' paper", "On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of Species", "Responses to Questions Frequently Asked About Wallace: Did Darwin really steal material from Wallace to complete his theory of natural selection? Always suspicious of authority, Wallace suspected that physicians had a vested interest in promoting vaccination, and became convinced that reductions in the incidence of smallpox that had been attributed to vaccination were, in fact, due to better hygiene and improvements in public sanitation. Lorsqu'en 1879, Darwin tenta de rallier du soutien parmi les naturalistes pour obtenir une pension à Wallace, Joseph Hooker répondit : « Wallace a considérablement déchu, non seulement par son adhésion au spiritisme mais par le fait qu'il ait délibérément et contre l'avis unanime du comité de sa section de la British Association, provoqué une discussion sur le spiritisme à l'une des réunions de section. This page was last edited on 21 September 2020, at 16:29. [115] A number of reasons have been suggested for this lack of attention, including his modesty, his willingness to champion unpopular causes without regard for his own reputation, and the discomfort of much of the scientific community with some of his unconventional ideas. Je ne les considère pas comme une généralisation hâtive, mais plutôt comme une hypothèse ingénieuse fortement soutenue par quelques faits et analogies saisissants, mais qui reste à prouver par plus de faits et la lumière additionnelle que de plus amples recherches peuvent jeter sur le problème. Wallace, une fois de retour en Angleterre, fit toutefois de mauvais investissements dans les chemins de fer et les mines, ce qui entama considérablement son capital, et il avait de ce fait besoin des revenus que pouvait lui apporter la publication de The Malay Archipelago[24]. Episode two featured birds of paradise. [2], The cybernetician and anthropologist Gregory Bateson observed in the 1970s that, although writing it only as an example, Wallace had "probably said the most powerful thing that'd been said in the 19th Century". He met many other prominent American naturalists and viewed their collections. The poem is referenced and partially recited in the BBC television series 'The Ascent of Man'. [149], In 1874, Wallace visited the spirit photographer Frederick Hudson. Over the years, a few people have questioned this version of events. Wallace had been introduced to Mitten through the botanist Richard Spruce, who had befriended Wallace in Brazil and who was also a good friend of Annie Mitten's father, William Mitten, an expert on mosses. [70], According to his autobiography, it was while he was in bed with a fever that Wallace thought about Malthus's idea of positive checks on human population and had the idea of natural selection. In a letter to his brother-in-law in 1861, Wallace wrote: I remain an utter disbeliever in almost all that you consider the most sacred truths. He was undoubtedly one of the greatest natural history explorers of the 19th century. In 1881, Wallace was elected as the first president of the newly formed Land Nationalisation Society. Il s'interrogea sur la manière dont l'isolement avait influé sur l'évolution et sur la façon dont cela avait pu contribuer à préserver certains types d'animaux tels que les Lémuriens de Madagascar qui étaient les derniers représentants d'une faune autrefois répandue sur le continent. Inspired by the chronicles of earlier and contemporary travelling naturalists, including Alexander von Humboldt, Ida Laura Pfeiffer, Charles Darwin and especially William Henry Edwards, Wallace decided that he too wanted to travel abroad as a naturalist.
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