By now, the thousands of fires from the burning city could be seen more than 60 miles (97 km) away on the ground, and 500 miles (800 km) away in the air, with smoke rising to 15,000 feet (4,600 m). The absence of specific international humanitarian law does not mean that the laws of war did not cover aerial warfare, but the existing laws remained open to interpretation. In March 1945, the German government ordered its press to publish a falsified casualty figure of 200,000 for the Dresden raids, and death tolls as high as 500,000 have been claimed. [81] As a result, most people took shelter in their cellars, but one of the air raid precautions the city had taken was to remove the thick cellar walls between rows of buildings and replace them with thin partitions that could be knocked through in an emergency. Initially, some of the leadership, especially Robert Ley and Joseph Goebbels, wanted to use it as a pretext for abandonment of the Geneva Conventions on the Western Front. I tilknytning til jernbanen var det eneste stadigt fungerende jernbaneværksted på Hauptbahnhof i Dresden. The Foreign Secretary has spoken to me on this subject, and I feel the need for more precise concentration upon military objectives such as oil and communications behind the immediate battle-zone, rather than on mere acts of terror and wanton destruction, however impressive. "[25] Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, AOCinC Bomber Command, nicknamed "Bomber" Harris in the British press, and known as an ardent supporter of area bombing,[26] was asked for his view, and proposed a simultaneous attack on Chemnitz, Leipzig and Dresden. Taylor suggests that, although the destruction of Dresden would have affected people's support for the Allies regardless of German propaganda, at least some of the outrage did depend on Goebbels' falsification of the casualty figures. [130], The bombing of Dresden has been used by Holocaust deniers and pro-Nazi polemicists—most notably by British writer David Irving in his book The Destruction of Dresden—in an attempt to establish a moral equivalence between the war crimes committed by the Nazi government and the killing of German civilians by Allied bombing raids. By this point in the war, the Luftwaffe was severely hampered by a shortage of both pilots and aircraft fuel; the German radar system was also degraded, lowering the warning time to prepare for air attacks. Les Alliés voulaient réduire à néant ce réseau de communication (opération Thunderclap) et ils voulaient aussi saper le moral des Allemands. Despite Irving's eventual much lower numbers, and later accusations of generally poor scholarship, the figure popularized by Vonnegut remains in general circulation. I am that person. Explosion after explosion. This experience was also used in several of his other books and is included in his posthumously published stories: Armageddon in Retrospect. Les commémorations des bombardements de 1945 l’ont une nouvelle fois prouvé. The damage to other infrastructure and communications was immense, which would have severely limited the potential use of Dresden to stop the Soviet advance. [7] By this stage in the war both the British and the Germans had integrated air defences at the national level. [137], According to the USAFHD, there were 110 factories and 50,000 workers supporting the German war effort in Dresden at the time of the raid. Dresde 1945 The raids became a symbol of the “terror bombing” campaign against Germany, which was one of the most controversial Allied actions of the war. Exemple d'école convertie : Vitzthumschule. [101], The destruction of the city provoked unease in intellectual circles in Britain. Air Force déversaient sur la ville de Dresde, merveille de l’Elbe, des centaines de milliers de bombes au phosphore, détruisant une grande partie de la ville et tuant entre 400 à 700.000 civils innocents principalement des femmes, des enfants et des vieillards. are popular slogans among the so-called "Anti-Germans"—a small radical left-wing political movement in Germany and Austria. [109][110], Having been given a paraphrased version of Churchill's memo by Bottomley, on 29 March, Air Chief Marshal Arthur Harris wrote to the Air Ministry:[111], ...in the past we were justified in attacking German cities. [18] One of the main authors responsible for inflated figures being disseminated in the West was Holocaust denier David Irving, who subsequently announced that he had discovered that the documentation he had worked from had been forged, and the real figures supported the 25,000 number. Dresde fut commis délibérément, car Dresde est une crime contre des civils, pour faire définitivement plier les nazis. Motifs stratégiques et Opération Thunderclap, Dès l'annonce de l'attaque, l'étonnement et le malaise de pilotes de la RAF. Cookies hjælper os desuden med at få overblik over dit besøg på hjemmesiden. At 21:39 the Reich Air Defence Leadership issued an enemy aircraft warning for Dresden, although at that point it was thought Leipzig might be the target. 117–9. Le bombardement de Dresde, qui eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la Directive du ministère de l'air du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942 devenue avec l'USAAF celle de en 1943, détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en Bomber stream. [19], Early in 1945, the German offensive known as the Battle of the Bulge had been exhausted, as was the Luftwaffe's disastrous New Year's Day attack involving elements of 11 combat wings of its day fighter force. [155] In Fire Sites, German historian Jörg Friedrich says that the RAF's bombing campaign against German cities in the last months of the war served no military purpose. Comme le fut Hiroshima, Tokyo et Nagazaki pour les Japonais 157.193.127.45 5 … "Le 7 mai 1945, juste avant la capitulation allemande, Patton eut une conférence en Autriche avec le Secrétaire américain à la Guerre Robert Patterson. Traditional British chivalry and the use of minimum force in war was to become a mockery and the outrages perpetrated by the bombers will be remembered a thousand years hence".[148]. Le duc de Kent était à Dresde pour la remise du “Prix de la paix” à Kim Phuc Phan Thi, ... (pire que le phosphore). Voici 70 ans, du 13 au 15 février 1945, la ville de Dresde fut largement détruite par un raid aérien massif de bombardiers anglais et américains. [45], The Dresden attack was to have begun with a USAAF Eighth Air Force bombing raid on 13 February 1945. Février 1945 : Dresde est une ville ouverte, une ville désarmée où les 25 hôpitaux et les dizaines de centres d'accueil hébergent, nourrissent, réconfortent et soignent tant bien que mal des dizaines de milliers de réfugiés - vieillards, femmes et enfants - de mutilés et de blessés fuyant les "libérateurs" staliniens. "[166] Dyson later goes on to say: "Since the beginning of the war I had been retreating step by step from one moral position to another, until at the end I had no moral position at all". [23], On 22 January 1945, the RAF director of bomber operations, Air Commodore Sydney Bufton, sent Deputy Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal Sir Norman Bottomley a memorandum suggesting that what appeared to be a coordinated RAF air attack to aid the current Soviet offensive would have a detrimental effect on German morale. The lead aircraft of the major enemy bomber forces have changed course and are now approaching the city area".[79]. [a] Three more USAAF air raids followed, two occurring on 2 March aimed at the city's railway marshalling yard and one smaller raid on 17 April aimed at industrial areas. Proponents of this position argue that the devastation from firebombing was greater than anything that could be justified by military necessity alone, and this establishes a prima facie case. Le bombardement de Dresde eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la directive du ministère de l'Aviation du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942, devenue avec l'USAAF la directive de Casablanca en 1943.Il détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en bomber stream. This had ground breaking results because it demonstrated a broad support for the aims of the initiative and a widespread appreciation for historical Dresden. Howard Cowan, an Associated Press war correspondent, subsequently filed a story saying that the Allies had resorted to terror bombing. [29][30], On 31 January, Bottomley sent Portal a message saying a heavy attack on Dresden and other cities "will cause great confusion in civilian evacuation from the east and hamper movement of reinforcements from other fronts". Cependant trois ans plus tard, il considérait les puissances occidentales comme seules responsables du bombardement criminel de Dresde qui ne répondait à aucune nécessité militaire. A British charity, the Dresden Trust, was formed in 1993 to raise funds in response to the call for help, raising £600,000 from 2,000 people and 100 companies and trusts in Britain. ... We must see to it that our attacks do no more harm to ourselves in the long run than they do to the enemy's war effort. [132][133][134], An inquiry conducted at the behest of U.S. Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, stated the raid was justified by the available intelligence. Around 78,000 dwellings had been completely destroyed; 27,700 were uninhabitable, and 64,500 damaged but readily repairable. Causalty figures have varied mainly due to false information spread by Nazi German and Soviet propaganda. This is a doctrine to which I could never subscribe. As a large city and industrial centre, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attacked throughout the war. The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombing. [84], An RAF assessment showed that 23% of the industrial buildings and 56% of the non-industrial buildings, not counting residential buildings, had been seriously damaged. [2] An estimated 22,700[3] to 25,000[4] people were killed. Utile. [91] The city authorities did not distinguish between residents and refugees when establishing casualty numbers and "took great pains to count all the dead, identified and unidentified". Christian Guyard. "Je sais que la destruction d’une ville aussi grande et splendide à cette étape avancée de la guerre a été jugée inutile même par un grand nombre de personnes qui admettaient que nos attaques précédentes étaient aussi justifiées que toutes les autres opérations de guerre. When plans for the rebuilding of Dresden's Frauenkirche became certain, the (GHND) began calls for the reconstruction of the historic buildings that surrounded it. In that sense it is an absolutely exemplary tragedy for the horrors of 20th century warfare and a symbol of destruction".[129]. It was beyond belief, worse than the blackest nightmare. Baggrund og mål for angrebet. Development of a German political response to the raid took several turns. According to him, 600,000 civilians died during the allied bombing of German cities, including 72,000 children. It is a baby. [55], The sirens started sounding in Dresden at 21:51 (CET). The results were published in 2010 and stated that between 22,700[3] and 25,000 people[4] were killed. Sir Arthur Harris affirma que la décision avait été prise à un échelon très supérieur à lui[39]. Although the city had been sealed off by the Wehrmacht to prevent looting, Rudolph was granted a special permit to enter and carry out his work, as he would be during the Russian occupation as well. Le 25 février, une nouvelle note paraissait, accompagnée de photos d'enfants brûlés, sous le titre Dresde - Massacre de Réfugiés et indiquant que 200 000 personnes étaient mortes.[réf. The idea was that, as one building collapsed or filled with smoke, those using the basement as a shelter could knock the walls down and run into adjoining buildings. Anniversaire du bombardement de Dresde Un crime de guerre des alliés anglo-américains, prélude à la guerre froide – Dougal MacDonald – Dans la nuit du 13 au 14 février 1945, le commandement des forces de bombardement de la Royal Air Force a effectué deux bombardements dévastateurs sur la ville allemande de Dresde. According to Dr. Gregory Stanton, lawyer and president of Genocide Watch: ... every human being having the capacity for both good and evil. The Wehrmacht's main command post in the Taschenbergpalais, 19 military hospitals and a number of less significant military facilities were also destroyed. It also contained all of the worst from Germany during the Nazi period. [147] Wing Commander H. R. Allen said, "The final phase of Bomber Command's operations was far and away the worst. Les bombardements de la nuit du 13 au 14 (sauf erreur) ont été menés avec des bombes incendiaires au phosphore, maisons, rues, personnes ont été transformés en une gigantesque torche. L'évaluation actuelle du nombre des victimes se situe autour de 35 000 morts (dont 25 000 corps identifiés)[2],[3]. En lire plus. It was overdone, it was excessive and is to be regretted enormously," but, "A war crime is a very specific thing which international lawyers argue about all the time and I would not be prepared to commit myself nor do I see why I should. Cette tension politique éclipse les 25 000 victimes de la « tempête de feu », trois jours de bombardement au phosphore (du 13 au 15 février 1945) sur la Florence allemande, dont il ne restera plus que ruines. Le fait aussi que le bombardement de Dresde qui a finalement était choisi pour l'opération de destruction soit constitué en deux parties avec des obus à retardement est beaucoup plus instructif et passionnant. Reply . La ville (629 713 habitants en 1939) comprenait en effet plusieurs gares et centralisait des réseaux téléphoniques vitaux pour le front de l'Est ; en raison des circonstances, elle aurait été intégrée tardivement au projet opération Thunderclap (de) en août 1944 qui proposait originairement de frapper Berlin[5] de manière décisive[6]. a) en 42 pages, un état des connaissances actuelles sur la recherche et l'enregistrement des personnes décédées durant le bombardement (Matthias Neutzner); Après ceux d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, il s’agit du bombardement aérien le plus meurtrier de cette guerre. Select Your Cookie Preferences. Suddenly, I saw people again, right in front of me. Despite repeated diplomatic attempts to update international humanitarian law to include aerial warfare, it was not updated before the outbreak of World War II. So instead the Nazis sent in troops with flamethrowers. Bacchus sur un âne ivre, œuvre de Georg Wrba[48]. [68], Strafing of civilians has become a traditional part of the oral history of the raids, since a March 1945 article in the Nazi-run weekly newspaper Das Reich claimed this had occurred. The Americans only came the following day to plow over the rubble. The other groups all bombed Dresden between 12:00 and 12:10. En lire plus. [65], 316 B-17 Flying Fortresses bombed Dresden, dropping 771 tons of bombs. ph, bombardement lysekrone 2/1, hængelampe, reserveret reserveret reserveret bombardement lysekrone i meget pÆn stand, flot stel, og med glas der er flotte og intakte ingen fejl. [115][116], John Kenneth Galbraith was among those in the Roosevelt administration who had qualms about the bombing. The German national air-defence system could be used to argue—as the tribunal did—that no German city was "undefended". (, This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 16:07. [36] Taylor writes that an official 1942 guide to the city described it as "one of the foremost industrial locations of the Reich" and in 1944 the German Army High Command's Weapons Office listed 127 medium-to-large factories and workshops that were supplying the army with materiel. Frauenkirche: Exceptionnel - consultez 6 540 avis de voyageurs, 3 948 photos, les meilleures offres et comparez les prix pour Dresde, Allemagne sur Tripadvisor. [111] Under pressure from the Chiefs of Staff and in response to the views expressed by Portal and Harris among others, Churchill withdrew his memo and issued a new one. Le bombardement de Hambourg fut l'un des épisodes les plus meurtriers de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. The second attack, three hours later, was by Lancaster aircraft of 1, 3, 6 and 8 Groups, 8 Group being the Pathfinders. [20] A special British Joint Intelligence Subcommittee report, German Strategy and Capacity to Resist, prepared for Winston Churchill's eyes only, predicted that Germany might collapse as early as mid-April if the Soviets overran its eastern defences. [42] The city was at the junction of the Berlin-Prague-Vienna railway line, as well as the Munich-Breslau, and Hamburg-Leipzig lines. [9][10][11] Some have claimed that the raid constituted a war crime. Således forløb det i Dresden, et historisk tysk kulturelt centrum, hvor mange tusinde tyske kvinder, børn og flygtninge fra kommunismen havde samlet sig. The only inaccuracy that I found in it is that it does not say that the night attack which produced the holocaust was a British affair. I am of the opinion that military objectives must henceforward be more strictly studied in our own interests than that of the enemy. [13] Der Spiegel writes that, for decades, the Communist government of East Germany promoted the bombing as an example of "Anglo-American terror," and now the same rhetoric is being used by the far right. I cannot forget these terrible details. [1] The bombing and the resulting firestorm destroyed more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) of the city centre. If both were obscured, they would bomb the centre of Dresden using H2X radar. L'héroïne Johanna survit au bombardement, mais pas sa grande sœur, ce qui fait perdre la raison à sa mère[44]. [151], Historian Donald Bloxham states, "The bombing of Dresden on 13–14 February 1945 was a war crime". [122][123], A further development towards the reconstruction of Dresden's historical core came in 1999 when the Dresden Historical Neumarkt Society was founded. Attacks on cities like any other act of war are intolerable unless they are strategically justified. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 7 novembre 2020 à 17:25. La réalité a dû être encore plus dure. The tonnage and types of bombs listed in the service records of the Dresden raid were comparable to (or less than) throw weights of bombs dropped in other air attacks carried out in 1945. [63] The mix of bombs for the Dresden raid was about 40% incendiaries—much closer to the RAF city-busting mix than the USAAF usually used in precision bombardment. [d] Historian Götz Bergander, an eyewitness to the raids, found no reports on strafing for 13–15 February by any pilots or the German military and police. There were very few public air raid shelters. It was argued that area bombing intended to disrupt communications and destroy industrial production. Les témoignages font aussi dramatiquement état de la présence d'une tempête de feu (Feuersturm) sur plusieurs kilomètres carrés, confirmée par les analyses[32], avec des vents de la force d'une tornade[33] qui aspiraient vers le feu les victimes qui tentaient de se retenir[34],[35]. Buy Dresde Apocalypse DVD, Blu-ray online at lowest price in India at Amazon.in. There were follow-up newspaper editorials on the issue and a longtime opponent of strategic bombing, Richard Stokes MP, asked questions in the House of Commons on 6 March.[104][105]. Le bombardement de Dresde, qui eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, selon les principes de la Directive du ministère de l'air du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du 14 février 1942 devenue avec l'USAAF celle de en 1943, détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en Bomber stream. [7], During his post-war interrogation, Albert Speer, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich, said that Dresden's industrial recovery from the bombings was rapid. It became more and more difficult to breathe. Some figures from historians include: 18,000+ (but less than 25,000) from Antony Beevor in "The Second World War"; 20,000 from Anthony Roberts in "The Storm of War"; 25,000 from Ian Kershow in "The End"; 25,000–30,000 from Michael Burleigh in "Moral Combat"; 35,000 from Richard J. Evans in "The Third Reich at War: 1939-1945". I do not know how many people I fell over. 3,0 sur 5 étoiles bon film de guerre. Other than deciding on what German territory would be conquered by which power, little time was given to military considerations in the war ag… I efteråret 1944 og i vinteren 1944/45 foregik de allieredes fremrykning væsentligt langsommere end de havde ventet. After the war, and again after German reunification, great efforts were made to rebuild some of Dresden's former landmarks, such as the Frauenkirche, the Semperoper (the Saxony state opera house) and the Zwinger Palace (the latter two were rebuilt before reunification). It is not possible to describe! Les bombes classiques et à retardement furent aussi utilisées. The raid was carried out through the normal chain of command, pursuant to directives and agreements then in force. Far more than any other military action that preceded the actual occupation of Germany itself, these attacks left the German people with a solid lesson in the disadvantages of war. [64] Taylor compares this 40% mix with the raid on Berlin on 3 February, where the ratio was 10% incendiaries. L'historien Alexander McKee souligne le caractère inusuel du raid, jusqu'aux feuilles de routes masquées dans les cockpits jusqu'au dernier moment[15]. But to do so was always repugnant and now that the Germans are beaten anyway we can properly abstain from proceeding with these attacks. Bombardement dresde. If clouds obscured Dresden but Chemnitz was clear, Chemnitz was the target. Des milliers de réfugiés qui fuient l’avancée de l’Armée rouge et de soldats blessés, qui sont soignés dans 25 hôpitaux, s’entassent dans la ville dont il est difficile de déterminer précisément le nombre d'habitants. D'autres bombardements sur l'Allemagne (Berlin et Hambourg lors de l'opération Gomorrhe) furent aussi très meurtriers, mais celui de Dresde a plus profondément choqué les esprits, peut-être parce que la ville était davantage perçue comme une ville d'arts et de culture et qu'elle avait un intérêt stratégique moins important (ne pouvant justifier une attaque aussi lourde), d'autant plus que l'Albertstadt, le fort militaire de Dresde, n'a pas été bombardé. Une utilisation massive permet de provoquer un Feuersturm, un embrasement généralisé de l'air détruisant de larges surfaces, comme lors des bombardements stratégiques durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale en Allemagne et au Japon. 47) considéré actuellement comme falsifié[22],[23],[24], une copie[25] de l'original ayant été retrouvée à Dresde par Götz Bergander. The fan-shaped area that was bombed was 1.25 miles (2.01 km) long, and at its extreme about 1.75 miles (2.82 km) wide. This led to the city councils decision to rebuild a large amount of baroque buildings in accordance to historical designs, but with modern buildings in between them. Marshall's tribunal declared that no extraordinary decision was made to single out Dresden (e.g. [31] British historian Frederick Taylor mentions a further memo sent to the Chiefs of Staff Committee by Air Marshal Sir Douglas Evill on 1 February, in which Evill states interfering with mass civilian movements was a major, even key, factor in the decision to bomb the city centre. [39] It said that there were 110 factories and 50,000 workers in the city supporting the German war effort at the time of the raid. [120] The baroque Church of Our Lady (completed in 1743) had initially appeared to survive the raids, but collapsed a few days later, and the ruins were left in place by later Communist governments as an anti-war memorial. Grierson answered that the primary aim was to attack communications to prevent the Germans from moving military supplies, and to stop movement in all directions if possible. Cette thèse est notamment défendue par Jacques Pauwels[10]. Phrases like "Bomber-Harris, do it again! L'United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) et la Royal Air Force (RAF) utilisèrent des bombes incendiaires notamment à la thermite [1], l'emploi du phosphore étant lui discuté. Dresden was a civilian town with no military significance. The American inquiry established that the Soviets, under allied agreements for the United States and the United Kingdom to provide air support for the Soviet offensive toward Berlin, had requested area bombing of Dresden to prevent a counterattack through Dresden, or the use of Dresden as a regrouping point after a strategic retreat. She carries a bundle in her arms. [42] Colonel Harold E. Cook, a US POW held in the Friedrichstadt marshaling yard the night before the attacks, later said that "I saw with my own eyes that Dresden was an armed camp: thousands of German troops, tanks and artillery and miles of freight cars loaded with supplies supporting and transporting German logistics towards the east to meet the Russians".[43]. [16] On 4 March, Das Reich, a weekly newspaper founded by Goebbels, published a lengthy article emphasizing the suffering and destruction of a cultural icon, without mentioning any damage the attacks had caused to the German war effort. Un historien comme Jörg Friedrich considère que les destructions des zones habitées par "Area Bombing" sont des crimes de guerre. The raid achieved the military objective, without excessive loss of civilian life. The intentions of the attack are to hit the enemy where he will feel it most, behind an already partially collapsed front, to prevent the use of the city in the way of further advance, and incidentally to show the Russians when they arrive what Bomber Command can do. [130] Specifically, whether the attack can be considered a war crime depends on whether the city was defended and whether resistance was offered against an approaching enemy. Dresde 1945: 3760207260085: Books - Amazon.ca. D'autres considèrent que tous les moyens devaient être utilisés pour mettre fin le plus rapidement à la guerre et en définitive, épargner des vies humaines. L'United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) et la Royal Air Force (RAF) utilisèrent des bombes incendiaires notamment à la thermite[1], l'emploi du phosphore étant lui discuté. The inquiry declared the elimination of the German ability to reinforce a counter-attack against Marshal Konev's extended line or, alternatively, to retreat and regroup using Dresden as a base of operations, were important military objectives. With the city on fire everywhere, those fleeing from one burning cellar simply ran into another, with the result that thousands of bodies were found piled up in houses at the end of city blocks. Free delivery on qualified orders. [6] A 1953 United States Air Force report defended the operation as the justified bombing of a strategic target, which they noted was a major rail transport and communication centre, housing 110 factories and 50,000 workers in support of the German war effort. The Allies were aware of the effects of firebombing, as British cities had been subject to them during the Blitz. The story itself is told through the eyes of Billy Pilgrim, a clear stand-in for Vonnegut himself. In response, Portal, who was in Yalta, asked Bottomley to send him a list of objectives to discuss with the Soviets. Find betydning, stavning, synonymer og meget mere i moderne dansk. Churchill avait trouvé ça moche ! The Eighth Air Force had already bombed the railway yards near the centre of the city twice in daytime raids: once on 7 October 1944 with 70 tons of high-explosive bombs killing more than 400,[46] then again with 133 bombers on 16 January 1945, dropping 279 tons of high-explosives and 41 tons of incendiaries. He was in Dresden at the time and saw what happened. Bottomley's list included oil plants, tank and aircraft factories and the cities of Berlin and Dresden. [161], Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (1969) used some elements from his experiences as a prisoner of war at Dresden during the bombing. He claims that Winston Churchill's decision to bomb a shattered Germany between January and May 1945 was a war crime. Berceau du mouvement xénophobe Pegida, Dresde est une ville politiquement très divisée. It was dark and all of us tried to leave this cellar with inconceivable panic. She runs, she falls, and the child flies in an arc into the fire. Sont accessibles principalement[42] le rapport final (Abschlussbericht) sur Internet; le projet Mathildenstrasse, étude d'une rue-témoin du centre-ville[43], et l'ouvrage publié par l'Institut Hannah Arendt de Dresde. His studio having burned in the attack with his life's work, Rudolph immediately set out to record the destruction, systematically drawing block after block, often repeatedly to show the progress of clearing or chaos that ensued in the ruins. It also said there were barracks, hutted camps, and a munitions storage depot. Cette tension politique éclipse les 25 000 victimes de la « tempête de feu », trois jours de bombardement au phosphore (du 13 au 15 février 1945) sur la Florence allemande, dont il ne restera plus que ruines. À l'époque déjà, le ministère de la Propagande de Joseph Goebbels avait utilisé le bombardement de Dresde pour relativiser la responsabilité de l'Allemagne dans la guerre et placer les Allemands dans un rôle de victimes.