Les chiites sont alors fortement opposés à la présence britannique en Iraq[3]. [26][27] Whereas it was widely believed that the sanctions caused a major rise in child mortality, recent research has shown that commonly cited data were fabricated by the Iraqi government and that "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990 and during the period of the sanctions. "Irak : série d'explosions meurtrières à Bagdad", Le Monde avec AFP, 27/10/2013. The war finally ended with a United Nations-brokered ceasefire in the form of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, which was accepted by both sides. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Sanders (ed), possibly an Arabic folk etymology of an older toponym deriving from the name of, Bayne Fisher, William "The Cambridge History of Iran", p.3: "(From then until the Timur's invasion of the country, Iran was under the rule of various rival petty princes of whom henceforth only the Jalayirids could claim Mongol), overthrew the Hashemite monarchy on July 14, 1958, a successful coup against the Ba'ath government, United Nations Security Council Resolution 598, A parliamentary election was held in January 2005, a further parliamentary election in December 2005, Protests over deteriorating economic conditions and state corruption, "Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate? The Amorite dynasty of Isin persisted until c. 1600 BC, when southern Mesopotamia was united under Kassite Babylonian rule. A parliamentary election was held in January 2005, followed by the drafting and ratification of a constitution and a further parliamentary election in December 2005. L'UPK se trouve alors chassée d’Erbil, la capitale du Kurdistan d’Irak. Comment les médias ont-ils été manipulés ? During the war the British employed the help of a number of Assyrian, Armenian and Arab tribes against the Ottomans, who in turn employed the Kurds as allies. ", This page was last edited on 3 September 2020, at 04:48. Tughril, the founder of the Seljuk Empire, captured Baghdad in 1055. Le Croissant-Rouge turc achemine également de l'aide en Irak. Le 14 juillet 1958, le général Abdul al-Karim Qasim renverse le roi Fayçal II et le régent Abdul Illah. The Sassanids conquered the independent states of Adiabene, Osroene, Hatra and finally Assur during the 3rd century. After the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington in the United States in 2001 were linked to the group formed by the multi-millionaire Saudi Osama bin Laden, American foreign policy began to call for the removal of the Ba'ath government in Iraq. Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, arrêté français du 4 novembre 1993 relatif à la terminologie des noms d'États et de capitales, Conseil économique et social des Nations unies, élimination de toutes ses armes de destruction massive, élection d'une assemblée nationale constituante, palmarès des producteurs OPEP pendant la décennie 2010, Fédération des comités et syndicats de travailleurs d'Irak, liste des codes internationaux des plaques minéralogiques, liste des préfixes des codes OACI des aéroports, liste des préfixes OACI d'immatriculation des aéronefs, Commission d'enrichissement de la langue française, Journal officiel de la République française, Arrêté français du 4 novembre 1993 relatif à la terminologie des noms d'États et de capitales, Dénominations des pays et des zones et règles d'emploi et numéros de référence utilisés à DOSCOM, Office des publications — Code de rédaction inter-institutionnel — Annexe A5 — Liste des États, Nomenclature des Pays et territoires étrangers, Recommandation parue au Journal Officiel du 24 septembre 2008, Département fédéral des affaires étrangères (Suisse), Khvarvaran (Modern Iraq), An Iranian Province, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article4791158.ece, Saddam Hussein said sanctions killed 500,000 children. 12 mars 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "irak" de Anis Kadouri sur Pinterest. C'est la guerre Iran-Irak ou « première guerre du Golfe », au coût humain et matériel catastrophique pour les deux États. Les Britanniques passent par la Société des Nations pour obtenir le 25 avril 1920 un mandat pour administrer la zone (Conférence de San Remo). In the aftermath of the First Kurdish Iraqi War, a peace plan was announced in March 1970 and provided for broader Kurdish autonomy. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 4 avril 2020 à 13:43. Until 602, the desert frontier of the Persian Empire had been guarded by the Arab Lakhmid kings of Al-Hirah. Cet enrichissement s'accompagne d'une poussée massive de la corruption qui vaut à l'Irak, en 2013, d'occuper une des toutes dernières places (169e sur 176) du classement de Transparency International. Protests continued into spring and were interrupted in May when martial law was enforced as Iraq entered the failed 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other Arab League members. L'Irak a renoué des relations amicales avec l'Iran. [43], On 30 April 2016, thousands of protesters entered the Green Zone in Baghdad and occupied the Iraqi parliament building. The same year, Mustafa Barzani, who had been invited to return to Iraq by Qasim three years earlier, began engaging Iraqi government forces and establishing Kurdish control in the north in what was the beginning of the First Kurdish Iraqi War. Parmi les groupes armés qui s'opposent au pouvoir de Bagdad, l'État islamique, organisation djihadiste sunnite fondée en 2006 sous le nom d'État islamique en Irak, devient la force la plus redoutable. to help give you the best experience we can. Son chef, Abou Bakr al-Baghdadi, se proclame alors calife, successeur de Mahomet, et obtient l'allégeance de plusieurs groupes terroristes au Moyen-Orient, en Afrique et dans le Caucase. A cycle of violence thus ensued whereby Sunni insurgent attacks were followed reprisals by Shiite militias, often in the form of Shi'ite death squads that sought out and killed Sunnis. Irak, les pages d’histoire effacées Publié par Diatala sur 13 Juin 2014, 15:41pm Catégories : #Complot - Nouvel Ordre Mondial . In 2003, after the American and British invasion, Iraq was occupied by Coalition forces. La résistance de Mustapha Kemal empêche l'application du traité de Sèvres. Depuis lors, des actions de la guérilla ne cessent d'avoir lieu à Bagdad et dans le « triangle sunnite » formé par les provinces au Nord de la capitale. L'Irak se dégage progressivement de la tutelle américaine. Iraq's Territorial Claims to Neighboring Countries, Iraq's territorial claims to neighboring countries were largely due to the plans and promises of the Entente countries in 1919–1920, when the Ottoman Empire was divided, to create a more extensive Arab state in Iraq and Jazeera, which would also include significant territories of eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, all of Kuwait and Iran’s border areas, which are shown on this English map of 1920. http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/491744966> ; http:\/\/purl.oclc.org\/dataset\/WorldCat> ; http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/491744966#PublicationEvent\/s_l_editions_sahar_199>. Le gouvernement comprend Naziha al-Dulaimi, la première femme ministre de l'histoire de l'Irak et du monde arabe. The prime minister Nuri as-Said wanted Kuwait to be part of the proposed Arab-Hāshimite Union. Le nouveau gouvernement formé en septembre 2014, dirigé par Haïder al-Abadi, du Parti islamique Dawa, ouvert aux partis chiites, sunnites et kurdes, semble avoir beaucoup de mal à s'imposer face à des alliés aux intérêts divergents: milices kurdes des peshmerga et du PKK, milices tribales sunnites, milices des partis chiites, ingérence de l'Iran et de la Coalition internationale en Irak et en Syrie[11]. There was a force of some 5,000 Muslims under Abū `Ubayd ath-Thaqafī, which was routed by the Persians. The latest nationwide protests, erupting in October 2019, had a death toll of at least 93 people, including police. Le conflit, étendu à la Syrie, entraîne un nouvel exode de populations. En 2008, la milice chiite dépose les armes et accepte de rentrer dans le jeu politique. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: Your request to send this item has been completed. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, also known as Mandatory Iraq in its early phase, was established by the Anglo-Iraqi treaty of 1922 resulting from the 1920 Iraqi revolt against British rule. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 18 septembre 2020 à 21:22. In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the Mamluk regime and again imposed their direct control over Iraq.[17]. Celle-ci est alors réprimée dans le sang. The Islamic expansions constituted the largest of the Semitic expansions in history. Irak : histoire d'une industrialisation. Some features of WorldCat will not be available. "[28][29][30] An oil for food program was established in 1996 to ease the effects of sanctions. Par ailleurs, certains aérodromes servent d'escale à des avions allemands pour se rendre en Irak. Le 15 octobre 1927, un énorme gisement de pétrole est découvert à Baba Gurgur, près de Kirkouk[1]. ", Karim Pakzad, IRIS, 10 mars 2015, élections législatives irakiennes de décembre 2005, élections législatives irakiennes de 2010, Coalition internationale en Irak et en Syrie, http://www.institutkurde.org/conferences/quel_avenir_pour_les_kurdes_en_irak/Gerard+CHALIAND.html, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histoire_de_l%27Irak&oldid=169147641, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Proche-Orient ancien/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, le centre sunnite du pays est encore le principal lieu d'attentats contre les forces irakiennes et l'armée américaine (voir par exemple. WorldCat is the world's largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. "Deconstructing Destruction: The Second Gulf War and the New Historiography of Twentieth-Century Iraq. Nuri as-Said was able to contain the rising discontent only by resorting to even greater political oppression. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran, launching a simultaneous invasion by air and land into Iranian territory on 22 September 1980, following a long history of border disputes, and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. Le Group Agreement signé le 31 juillet 1928 partage l'IPC entre cinq firmes pétrolières : Royal Dutch Shell, CFP (Total), l'Anglo-Iranian, Nedec et Gulbenkian. Image provided by: CDC/ Alissa Eckert, MS; Dan Higgins, MAM. The team returned in December. Following this unexpected death, the Iraqi government launched a last-ditch effort to defeat the Kurds. [19] Despite this, the Iraqi government embarked on an Arabization program in the oil rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin in the same period. This campaign failed in May 1966, when Barzani forces thoroughly defeated the Iraqi Army at the Battle of Mount Handrin, near Rawanduz. L'Iran annonce également avoir recueilli près de 500 000 réfugiés irakiens mais déclare ne pas être en mesure d'en accueillir davantage. By 2015, Iraq was effectively divided, the central and southern part being controlled by the government, the northwest by the Kurdistan Regional Government and the western part by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Membre original du pacte de Bagdad, en 1955, l'Irak entretient des relations étroites avec l'Occident avant le coup d'État du général Abd al-Karim Kassem, en 1958. During the few weeks of unrest tens of thousands of people were killed. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant invaded Iraq in 2013–14 and seized the majority of Al Anbar Governorate,[35] including the cities of Fallujah,[36] Al Qaim,[37] Abu Ghraib[38] and (in May 2015) Ramadi,[39] leaving them in control of 90% of Anbar. In June 1963, Syria, which by then had also fallen under Ba'athist rule, took part in the Iraqi military campaign against the Kurds by providing aircraft, armoured vehicles and a force of 6,000 soldiers. The Jalayirids were finally eliminated by Kara Koyunlu in 1432. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. Le 17 juillet 1968, les baasistes du général Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr encerclent le palais présidentiel et prennent le pouvoir le 30 juillet. Inspired by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, officers from the Nineteenth Brigade, 3rd Division known as "The Four Colonials", under the leadership of Brigadier Abd al-Karīm Qāsim (known as "az-Za`īm", 'the leader') and Colonel Abdul Salam Arif overthrew the Hashemite monarchy on July 14, 1958. After the failure of the uprising, Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union. By the end of 638, the Muslims had conquered all of the Western Sassanid provinces (including modern Iraq), and the last Sassanid Emperor, Yazdegerd III, had fled to central and then northern Persia, where he was killed in 651. Over the following years, Iraq came to the brink of civil war, and the situation deteriorated in 2011. The Seleucid Empire at the height of its power stretched from the Aegean in the west to India in the east. En septembre 1961, éclate la première insurrection kurde : Mustafa al Barzani lance une rébellion dans le nord de l’Irak avec pour slogan « autonomie pour le Kurdistan, démocratie pour l’Irak ». En juin 2014, après une série de succès militaires, il s'empare de Mossoul, la deuxième ville du pays. Histoire et origines de Fraternité en Irak L’origine du projet. In 1945, Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League. Les accords de cessez-le-feu sont signés à Safwan le 3 mars 1991. [20] In the following years, Baghdad government overcame its internal divisions and concluded a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in April 1972 and ended its isolation within the Arab world. 0 with reviews - Be the first. En 1972, le traité soviéto-irakien établit des liens privilégiés entre l'Irak et l'Union soviétique. During the early centuries of what is called the "Amorite period", the most powerful city-states were Isin and Larsa, although Shamshi-Adad I came close to uniting the more northern regions around Assur and Mari. 's in Iraq Are Increasing", "Last U.S. troops leave Iraq, ending war", "John Kerry holds talks in Iraq as more cities fall to ISIS militants", "Al Qaeda-linked militants capture Fallujah during violent outbreak", "Militants kill 21 Iraqi leaders, capture 2 border crossings", "Iraq Update #42: Al-Qaeda in Iraq Patrols Fallujah; Aims for Ramadi, Mosul, Baghdad", "Iraq: Shiite Gov't faces Mammoth Task in taking Sunni al-Anbar from ISIL", "Islamic State overruns Camp Speicher, routs Iraqi forces", "Insurgents in Iraq Overrun Mosul Provincial Government Headquarters", "Iraq announces end of war against IS, liberation of borders with Syria: Abadi", "Thousands of protesters storm Iraq parliament green zone", "Violence in Iraq at Lowest Level in 10 years", "Iraq Prime Minister calls protesters' demands 'righteous,' as 93 killed in demonstrations", Iraq History and Culture from the cradle of civilization and Noah to the present age and time, Historical Context of the Iran – Iraq War, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Iraq&oldid=976479379, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Franzén, Johan. Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC. Dans la foulée, George H. W. Bush, président des États-Unis ordonne le cessez-le-feu sans chercher à poursuivre la guerre jusqu'à Bagdad. In November 1990, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 678, permitting member states to use all necessary means, authorizing military action against the Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait and demanded a complete withdrawal by January 15, 1991. In the 9th century, the Abbasid Caliphate entered a period of decline. Iraq now became a province on the southwestern fringes of the Ilkhanate and Baghdad would never regain its former importance. Près de 6 000 personnes décèdent et 100 000 Kurdes fuient vers la Turquie. On April 13, 1966, President Abdul Salam Arif died in a helicopter crash and was succeeded by his brother, General Abdul Rahman Arif. Iraqi cooperation with UN weapons inspection teams was questioned on several occasions during the 1990s. Later, the White Sheep were defeated by the Safavids, who took control over Mesopotamia for some time. Dès le 5 mars 1991, les Kurdes au Nord et les chiites au Sud se soulèvent contre le régime largement incités à le faire par les alliés. Iraq was later used as a base for allied attacks on Vichy-French held Mandate of Syria and support for the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran.[18]. Le Kurdistan irakien a consolidé son autonomie et, en échange d'une part substantielle des profits pétroliers, renoncé à ses velléités d'indépendance. Something went wrong. Cependant, il ne tarde pas à être bousculé par un conflit entre les partisans de Nasser (dont le général Kassem) et le parti Baas. Malgré les ressources pétrolières, la guerre Iran-Irak a laissé l'économie irakienne en piètre état. During 1957–1961 Shanidar Cave was excavated by Ralph Solecki and his team from Columbia University, and nine skeletons of Neanderthal man of varying ages and states of preservation and completeness (labelled Shanidar I–IX) were discovered dating from 60,000–80,000 years BP. L’idée de la création de Fraternité en Irak germe en 2009 au sein d’un groupe d’amis étudiants très marqués par la situation des réfugiés irakiens en Syrie dont les journaux se font alors l’écho. On the other hand, Kurds remained dependent on the Iranian military support and could do little to strengthen their forces. L'Irak ou Iraq est un pays arabe et un pays multi-ethnique et multi-confessionnel situé au nord de la péninsule Arabique, au Moyen-Orient. At the beginning of the 2nd century AD, the Romans, led by emperor Trajan, invaded Parthia and conquered Mesopotamia, making it an imperial province. Resolution 1441 was passed unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 8, 2002, offering Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in several previous UN resolutions, threatening "serious consequences" if the obligations were not fulfilled. Search. The effects of the sanctions on the civilian population of Iraq have been disputed. Le 14 février 1958, en réaction à la création de la République arabe unie, regroupant l'Égypte et la Syrie, l'Irak se fédère avec la Jordanie en « Union arabe de Jordanie et d’Irak ». Lors de la Première Guerre mondiale, l'Empire ottoman se range aux côtés de l'Allemagne et de l'Empire autrichien. After the end of the Gulf War and after the Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, the sanctions were linked to removal of weapons of mass destruction by Resolution 687. http://www.lejdd.fr/International/Moyen-Orient/Depeches/Irak-Report-du-recensement-a-2010-130084/. The US urged the United Nations to take military action against Iraq. Le détournement de la route des Indes par les Portugais et les autres Européens lui a fait perdre ce qui lui restait d'importance économique. Qui sont les résistants ? The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, also known as Mandatory Iraq in its early phase, was established by the Anglo-Iraqi treaty of 1922 resulting from the 1920 Iraqi revolt against British rule. ", Middle East Review of International Affairs, "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions", "Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics". In 1466, the White Sheep Turkmen defeated the Black Sheep and took control. On August 14, 1998, President Clinton signed Public Law 105–235, which declared that ‘‘the Government of Iraq is in material and unacceptable breach of its international obligations.’’ It urged the President ‘‘to take appropriate action, in accordance with the Constitution and relevant laws of the United States, to bring Iraq into compliance with its international obligations.’’ Several months later, Congress enacted the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 on October 31, 1998. Le 11 mars 1974, Mustafa al Barzani, jugeant insuffisante la loi d'autonomie de 1970, déclenche la deuxième insurrection kurde avec le soutien de l'Iran et des États-Unis. Le Royaume-Uni disposant ainsi d'un contrôle suffisant sur l'Irak, l'accord anglo-irakien du 30 juin 1930 remplace le haut-commissaire britannique par un ambassadeur. Conquis par les Arabes sous les Omeyyades, l'Irak est, un temps, le centre du monde musulman sous les Abbassides. Le Haut-commissaire et commandant en chef au Levant qui dépend de Vichy, le général Dentz, reçoit instruction en application des accords de Paris non encore signés de l'amiral Darlan, de livrer des armes sous contrôle de la commission d'armistice italienne. Iraq also became an oligarchy government at this time. The first organized conflict between local Arab tribes and Persian forces seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. Le 9 octobre, un accord est conclu entre les dirigeants kurdes et le gouvernement irakien après d'âpres combats dans la région de Kifri. © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. Beds on the rooftop of a traditional house, Baghdad, c1955 سرائر على سطح أحد البيوت التقليدية، بغداد، ١٩٥٥. Le califat reste cependant le symbole de l'unité de l'islam sunnite. The name field is required. Comme dans le roman d’Orwell, le Grand Frère politico-médiatique réécrit continuellement l’histoire, en effaçant des pages comme celles des deux guerres contre l’Irak, essentielles pour comprendre les événements actuels. Les ingérences turques se poursuivront plusieurs années. Le 7 avril, les alliés organisent des parachutages de vivres pour aider les réfugiés kurdes fuyant la répression mais rejetés à la frontière turque (opération Provide comfort). Un Kurdistan autonome est également créé entre l'Est de l'Anatolie et le vilayet de Mossoul. Negroponte was the last US interim administrator and left Iraq in 2005. Garner was replaced in May 2003 by Paul Bremer, who was himself replaced by John Negroponte on April 19, 2004. This happened after the Iraqi parliament did not approve new government ministers. The same month, US President Bill Clinton authorized air strikes on government targets and military facilities. By 2013, the insurgency escalated into a state renewed civil war, the central government of Iraq being opposed by various factions, primarily radical Sunni forces.