[271], Aware that the Parthian campaign was an enormous setback, and that it revealed that the Roman Empire had no means for an ambitious program of conquests,[118] Hadrian's first act as emperor was to abandon – outwardly out of his own free will[272][273] – the distant and indefensible Mesopotamia and to restore Armenia, as well as Osrhoene, to the Parthian hegemony under Roman suzerainty. [217] While Trajan moved from west to east, Lusius Quietus moved with his army from the Caspian Sea towards the west, both armies performing a successful pincer movement,[218] whose apparent result was to establish a Roman presence into the Parthian Empire proper, with Trajan taking the northern Mesopotamian cities of Nisibis and Batnae and organizing a province of Mesopotamia, including the Kingdom of Osrhoene – where King Abgaros VII submitted to Trajan publicly[219] – as a Roman protectorate. David H. Higgins in his notes to Purgatorio X l. 75 says: "Pope Gregory the Great (d. 604) was held to have swayed the justice of God by prayer ('his great victory'), releasing Trajan's soul from Hell, who, resuscitated, was converted to Christianity. [43][44] One of the most significant trends of his reign was his encroachment on the Senate's sphere of authority, such as his decision to make the senatorial provinces of Achaea and Bithynia into imperial ones in order to deal with the inordinate spending on public works by local magnates[45] and the general mismanagement of provincial affairs by various proconsuls appointed by the Senate. Trajan ordered Prefect Aelianus to attend him in Germany, where he was apparently executed ("put out of the way"),[32] with his post being taken by Attius Suburanus. Roman authorities liked to play the Greek cities against one another[70] – something of which Dio of Prusa was fully aware: [B]y their public acts [the Roman governors] have branded you as a pack of fools, yes, they treat you just like children, for we often offer children the most trivial things in place of things of greatest worth [...] In place of justice, in place of the freedom of the cities from spoliation or from the seizure of the private possessions of their inhabitants, in place of their refraining from insulting you [...] your governors hand you titles, and call you 'first' either by word of mouth or in writing; that done, they may thenceforth with impunity treat you as being the very last! [62] Nevertheless, as a Greek local magnate with a taste for costly building projects and pretensions of being an important political agent for Rome,[63] Dio of Prusa was actually a target for one of Trajan's authoritarian innovations: the appointing of imperial correctores to audit the civic finances[64] of the technically free Greek cities. C’était un empereur Romain fils d’un soldat de fortune il fut élevé aux honneurs par Vespasien. [134], Trajan built a new city, Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa, on another site (north of the hill citadel holding the previous Dacian capital),[135] although bearing the same full name, Sarmizegetusa. In 76–77, Trajan's father was Governor of Syria (Legatus pro praetore Syriae), where Trajan himself remained as Tribunus legionis. [202] There could also be Trajan's idea to use an ambitious blueprint of conquests as a way to emphasize quasi-divine status, such as with his cultivated association, in coins and monuments, to Hercules. [189] He had recruited Palmyrene units into his army, including a camel unit,[190] therefore apparently procuring Palmyrene support to his ultimate goal of annexing Charax. He accomplished this in the summer of 97 by naming Trajan as his adoptive son and successor, allegedly solely on Trajan's outstanding military merits. [110], In May of 101, Trajan launched his first campaign into the Dacian kingdom,[111] crossing to the northern bank of the Danube and defeating the Dacian army at Tapae (see Second Battle of Tapae), near the Iron Gates of Transylvania. It was during this time that he corresponded with Pliny the Younger on the subject of how to deal with the Christians of Pontus, telling Pliny to continue to persecute Christians but not to accept anonymous denunciations in the interests of justice as well as of "the spirit of the age". J.-C., 116 (71%) sont morts de mort violente. Who is dead, so that my heart is broken..' Le mot latin imperator, duquel dérive « empereur », ne désignait à l'origine qu'une qualité militaire (celle de général en chef) parmi tous les titres et pouvoirs accumulés par Auguste. Son père suivit toutes les étapes de la politique romaine jusqu'au sénat. Ceux-ci, ayant jeté leurs armes et s'étant précipités à terre, supplièrent Trajan de vouloir bien, avant tout, consentir à ce que Décébale vînt en sa présence et entrât en pourparler avec lui, ajoutant qu'il était prêt à faire tout ce qui lui serait commandé ; sinon, que l'empereur envoyât, du moins, quelqu'un pour s'entendre avec lui." J.-C. et 476 ap. [165] Finley thinks that the scheme's chief aim was the artificial bolstering of the political weight of Italy, as seen, for example, in the stricture – heartily praised by Pliny – laid down by Trajan that ordered all senators, even when from the provinces, to have at least a third of their landed estates in Italian territory, as it was "unseemly [...] that [they] should treat Rome and Italy not as their native land, but as a mere inn or lodging house". [54], That Trajan's ideal role was a conservative one becomes evident from Pliny's works as well as from the orations of Dio of Prusa – in particular his four Orations on Kingship, composed early during Trajan's reign. The Greeks, though, had their own memories of independence – and a commonly acknowledged sense of cultural superiority – and, instead of seeing themselves as Roman, disdained Roman rule. [252] Trajan was forced to withdraw his army in order to put down the revolts. Il remet aussi de l'ordre dans les finances de l’État, mate deux révoltes et commence la construction du Colisée (70). [201] The fact that emissaries from the Kushan Empire might have attended to the commemorative ceremonies for the Dacian War may have kindled in some Greco-Roman intellectuals like Plutarch – who wrote about only 70,000 Roman soldiers being necessary to a conquest of India – as well as in Trajan's closer associates, speculative dreams about the booty to be obtained by reproducing Macedonian Eastern conquests. [227][228], He continued southward to the Persian Gulf, when, after escaping with his fleet a tidal bore on the Tigris,[229] he received the submission of Athambelus, the ruler of Charax. Tags: Add Tag . [125] The empire gained what became the province of Arabia Petraea (modern southern Jordan and north west Saudi Arabia). Mort d'Auguste. Les historiens ont donné le nom d'Antonin le Pieux (Antoninus Pius) à la dynastie. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. claim that it was his wife Pompeia Plotina who assured the succession to Hadrian by keeping his death secret and afterwards hiring someone to impersonate Trajan by speaking with a tired voice behind a curtain, well after Trajan had died. It was not a decisive victory, however. [7] The tenth volume of Pliny's letters contains his correspondence with Trajan, which deals with various aspects of imperial Roman government, but this correspondence is neither intimate nor candid: it is an exchange of official mail, in which Pliny's stance borders on the servile. J.-C. Celui-ci sait trouver un équilibre entre un pouvoir assez fort pour être durable et le maintien apparent des institutions républicaines[1], et il mène une vie privée simple et sans luxe ostentatoire (voulant apparaître comme un primus inter pares, « premier entre ses pairs »), tout en accumulant une immense concentration de pouvoirs, certes d'origine républicaine, mais détachée de leur magistrature (imperium, puissance tribunicienne, etc.). Après sa mort le 15 mars 44 av. [158], Another important act was his formalisation of the alimenta, a welfare program that helped orphans and poor children throughout Italy. Il culto di Timoleonte a Siracusa nel contesto politico e religioso del IV secolo a.C. Tradizione e innovazione He was deified by the Senate and his ashes were laid to rest under the Trajan's Column. [294] Following in Paribeni's footsteps, the German historian Alfred Heuss saw in Trajan "the accomplished human embodiment of the imperial title" (die ideale Verkörperung des humanen Kaiserbegriffs). [96] Such must be the case of the Galatian notable and "leading member of the Greek community" (according to one inscription) Gaius Julius Severus, who was a descendant of several Hellenistic dynasts and client kings. Enfin, il nomme ses deux fils, Titus et Domitien, Césars (en faisant ainsi ses héritiers), le court règne de Titus (2 ans) étant suivi par celui de son frère jusqu'à son assassinat en 96 qui marque la fin de la dynastie. Fronto concluded that "neglect of serious matters can cause greater damage, but neglect of amusements greater discontent". [57] Dio's notion of being "friend" to Trajan (or any other Roman emperor), however, was that of an informal arrangement, that involved no formal entry of such "friends" into the Roman administration. Avec lui, l'empire romain entre pour de bon dans son Âge d'Or, le siècle des Antonins. Son père suivit toutes les étapes de la politique romaine jusqu'au sénat. Sa vie avant d’être empereur Marcus Ulpius Traianus, dit Trajan, est né le 18 septembre, sans doute en l’an 53, à Italica, près de Séville en Espagne. After commanding Legio I Minervia during the Dacian Wars, he had been relieved from front-line duties at the decisive stage of the Second Dacian War, being sent to govern the newly created province of Pannonia Inferior. Frank Vermeulen, Kathy Sas, Wouter Dhaeze, eds. IIIe siècle historien grec Dion Cassiusdit que l’ ancien gardien d’Hadrien, Attianus, puis un puissant romain, a également été impliqué. Versand : + EUR 6,60 Versand #4289 - RARE - Romaine Follis - Crispus (BEATA TRANQVILLITAS) - FACTURE. Trajan, né sous le nom de Marcus Ulpius Traianus le 18 septembre 53 après J-C à Italica ou à Rome et mort le 8 ou 9 août 117 à Selinus, en Cilicie, est empereur romain de fin janvier 98 à août 117. Denier de vespasien. EUR 43,00. Remporte la vente aux enchères pour le poste d'empereur organisée par la, Prend le pouvoir avec le soutien des légions de, Proclamé empereur par les légions du Danube à la mort de, Gouverneur d'une province de l'Est, proclamé empereur par les légions du Danube contre, Proclamé empereur par l'armée après la mort de, Adopté en tant que « César » de l'Occident et héritier par, Adopté en tant que « César » de l'Orient et héritier par, Adopté en tant que « César » et héritier par, Usurpateur du trône de l'Occident de 383 au 384, puis coempereur légitime, S'autoproclame empereur avec le soutien de l'armée après la mort de. [117], The peace of 102 had returned Decebalus to the condition of more or less harmless client king; however, he soon began to rearm, to again harbor Roman runaways, and to pressure his Western neighbors, the Iazyges Sarmatians, into allying themselves with him. Après la fin de la crise du troisième siècle, Dioclétien s’autoproclame empereur en 284 et pose les bases de la séparation de l'Empire romain en 286. .5 -~h2 I OFFICE. Car Trajan, 98-117 AD. L'empire Romain, après August, avait été plus défendu qu' agrandi; il l'élargie de l'an en large. Download this stock image: Antiquite romaine, guerres daciques de Trajan, le roi dace Decebale (Decebal ou Decebalus ou Diurpaneus) depose les armes aux pieds de l'empereur roma - 2BRJNC0 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Both are adulatory perorations, typical of the High Imperial period, that describe an idealized monarch and an equally idealized view of Trajan's rule, and concern themselves more with ideology than with actual fact. As the document root or media upload directory for a web server [102] On the local level, among the lower section of the Eastern propertied,[103] the alienation of most Greek notables and intellectuals towards Roman rule, and the fact that the Romans were seen by most such Greek notables as aliens, persisted well after Trajan's reign. He appears, together with Domitian, in offering scenes on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. VOL. Justice requires it and pity holds me back.' Toutefois, vers l'an 500, à la suite de sa victoire face aux Ostrogoths, le roi des Francs Clovis Ier reçut le titre de consul des Romains de la part de l'empereur d'Orient. [204] Alternatively, one can explain the campaign by the fact that, for the Romans, their empire was in principle unlimited, and that Trajan only took advantage of an opportunity to make idea and reality coincide. [225] It is noteworthy that no new legions were raised by Trajan before the Parthian campaign, maybe because the sources of new citizen recruits were already over-exploited. Trajan, Marc Aurèle (replicaCampidoglio, original musée Capitolin) Augustus Pontifex Maximus, 40bc. D’une certaine façon, l’étoile d’Hadrien est ressuscité peu avant Trajan est mort, probablement parce que Plotine et ses associés avaient regagné la confiance de Trajan. Royauté romaine753 – 509 av. [130], These costly projects completed,[131] in 105 Trajan again took to the field. Celui-ci est très âgé et n'a pas d'héritier. [172] The same notion of exploiting private – and supposedly more efficient – management of a landed estate as a means to obtain public revenue was also employed by other similar and lesser schemes. [36] His belated ceremonial entry into Rome in 99 was notably understated, something on which Pliny the Younger elaborated. In: Maricq: A precise description of events in Judea at the time being impossible, due to the non-historical character of the Jewish (rabbinic) sources, and the silence of the non-Jewish ones: William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz, eds.. Christer Bruun, "the Spurious 'Expeditio Ivdaeae' under Trajan". Uskoro slika Cara postaje znamenje Carstva: svaki Rimljanin prepoznaje carev lik, pošto mu je video portret, bilo statuu bilo lik iskovan na novcu. [116] Trajan returned to Rome in triumph and was granted the title Dacicus. Also, Trajan withdrew from circulation silver denarii minted before the previous devaluation achieved by Nero, something that allows for thinking that Trajan's devaluation had to do with political ends, such as allowing for increased civil and military spending. Histoire avant 1830 . A propos de la guerre parthique de Trajan. Il fit carrière dans l'armée, fut nommé gouverneur de Germanie (en 96) avant d'être, l'année suivante, adopté par le vieil empereur Nerva et associé au pouvoir au titre de "César". Only fragments remain of the Getica, a book by Trajan's personal physician Titus Statilius Criton. [146], Trajan resettled Dacia with Romans and annexed it as a province of the Roman Empire. L'enfance et l'adolescence de Trajan sont obscures, mais certainement reçu une éducation appropriée à son grade, apprentissage de la grammaire, la rhétorique et grec Il se marie avant de devenir empereur Plotine, fille de Lucio Pompeio et Plotia, une puissante famille de natif probablement 'Hispanie ou Narbonne Gaule. La seconde est la réponse de Trajan à Pline. His health declined throughout the spring and summer of 117, something publicly acknowledged by the fact that a bronze bust displayed at the time in the public baths of Ancyra showed him clearly aged and emaciated. J.-C., est caractérisé par la concentration des pouvoirs entre les mains d'un seul individu, plutôt qu'entre celles du « Sénat et du peuple romain » (Senatus Populusque Romanus, SPQR). [31] When Nerva died on 27 January 98, Trajan succeeded to the role of emperor without any outward incident. Discours latins > Ouvrages avant 1800. Dio is described by Philostratus as Trajan's close friend, and Trajan as supposedly engaging publicly in conversations with Dio. In the West, that meant local senatorial families like his own. Si on considère la nature de la mort de ces 164 empereurs (soit naturelle, soit violente) on constate que la proportion de morts naturelles est de 44% pour les empereurs « légitimes », 30 % pour les usurpateurs légitimés et seulement 7% pour les usurpateurs non légitimés. Therefore, in reality the post was conceived as a means for "taming" both Greek notables and Roman senators. As all four consulars were senators of the highest standing and as such generally regarded as able to take imperial power (capaces imperii), Hadrian seems to have decided on a preemptive strike against these prospective rivals. [243], Shortly afterwards, the Jews inside the Eastern Roman Empire, in Egypt, Cyprus and Cyrene – this last province being probably the original trouble hotspot – rose up in what probably was an outburst of religious rebellion against the local pagans, this widespread rebellion being afterwards named the Kitos War. [240], Trajan left the Persian Gulf for Babylon – where he intended to offer sacrifice to Alexander in the house where he had died in 323 BC[241] –  But a revolt led by Sanatruces, a nephew of the Parthian king Osroes I who had retained a cavalry force, possibly strengthened by the addition of Saka archers,[242] imperiled Roman positions in Mesopotamia and Armenia. [92] A revealing case-history, told by Pliny, tells of Dio of Prusa placing a statue of Trajan in a building complex where Dio's wife and son were buried - therefore incurring a charge of treason for placing the Emperor's statue near a grave. Il fut plus tard adopté par Auguste comme héritier, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il prit le nom de … Dès la nuit des temps, le site de Mers-el-Kébir a été un abri naturel recherché par les premiers hommes de l'ère néolithique qui vivaient des fruits de la mer. [162] Given its limited scope, the plan was, nevertheless, very successful in that it lasted for a century and a half: the last known official in charge of it is attested during the reign of Aurelian. Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the wish felicior Augusto, melior Traiano (that he be "luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan"). Non-literary sources such as archaeology, epigraphy, and numismatics are also useful for reconstructing his reign. [290] Mommsen adopted a divided stance towards Trajan, at some point of his posthumously published lectures even speaking about his "vainglory" (Scheinglorie). Trajan did likewise, but since "willingness is a slippery commodity", Finley suspects that, in order to ensure Italian landowners' acceptance of the burden of borrowing from the alimenta fund, some "moral" pressure was exerted. He was personally present at the siege, and it is possible that he suffered a heat stroke while in the blazing heat. [266] He probably did not take part in the Parthian War. Vérifiez les traductions 'trajan' en Vietnamien. No Tags, Be the first to tag this record! la Justice de Trajan Il est un épisode légendaire dans la vie de l'empereur romain Trajan, D'après le rapport de Cassio Dioné (Epitome, livre LXVIII, ch 10. By trying to develop an anti-Roman bloc, Decebalus eventually left Trajan without the alternative of treating Dacia as a protectorate, rather than an outright conquest. [53] This title had mostly to do with Trajan's role as benefactor, such as in the case of him returning confiscated property. [26][27] These baths were later expanded by the third century emperor Decius as a means of stressing his link to Trajan. Alan Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Averil Cameron, eds., Meléndez, Javier Bermejo, Santiago Robles Esparcia, and Juan M. Campos Carrasco. Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a virtuous pagan. Trajan Dèce, un empereur face aux barbares À l’évocation du nom de Trajan Dèce, que vous vient-il à l’esprit ? Un changement encore plus radical est dû à la politique belliciste de Trajan. Trajan est à Cologne lorsqu'il apprend par Hadrien, la mort de Nerva, survenue le 25 (ou 27) janvier 98. [262], Hadrian held an ambiguous position during Trajan's reign. [4], As far as ancient literary sources are concerned, an extant continuous account of Trajan's reign does not exist. Selon les sources, Jules César (Caius Julius Caesar) fait ou ne fait pas partie de la liste comme étant le premier. [263][264] He received no post after his 108 consulate,[265] and no further honours other than being made Archon eponymos for Athens in 111/112. Dio, as a Greek notable and intellectual with friends in high places, and possibly an official friend to the emperor (amicus caesaris), saw Trajan as a defender of the status quo. Il a intégré les provinciaux dans l'État romain, et a été un grand administrateur en favorisant l'agriculture et le commerce avec les provinces. Having come to the narrow strip of land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, he then dragged his fleet overland into the Tigris, capturing Seleucia and finally the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. Le titre d'empereur romain, résultant d'un concept assez moderne, résume la position tenue par les individus détenteurs du pouvoir dans l'Empire romain. [65] The main goal was to curb the overenthusiastic spending on public works that served to channel ancient rivalries between neighboring cities. [123] Including auxiliaries, the number of Roman troops engaged on both campaigns was between 150,000 and 175,000, while Decebalus could dispose of up to 200,000. [75] As Trajan himself wrote to Pliny: "These poor Greeks all love a gymnasium ... they will have to content with one that suits their real needs". La dynastie des Julio-Claudiens règne du début de l'Empire en 27 av. De plus, alors que Tibère vient de monter sur le trône, un premier usurpateur de l'Empire tente de prendre le pouvoir sans succès. [66], Competition among Greek cities and their ruling oligarchies was mainly for marks of preeminence, especially for titles bestowed by the Roman emperor. La même année, Tibère obtient les pouvoirs de tribun et de proconsul. Search the history of over 446 billion web pages on the Internet. Aux côtés de Trajan, Hadrien va s'imprégner de la vie à la cour et en tirer profit. [119][120], Prior to the campaign, Trajan had raised two entirely new legions: II Traiana – which, however, may have been posted in the East, at the Syrian port of Laodicea – and XXX Ulpia Victrix, which was posted to Brigetio, in Pannonia. [142] Therefore, the indefensible character of the province did not appear to be a problem for Trajan, as the province was conceived more as a sally-base for further attacks. In 27 BCE the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the illustrious one"), and he was then known … [291] Mommsen also speaks of Trajan's "insatiable, unlimited lust for conquest". [235] Some measures seem to have been considered regarding the fiscal administration of Indian trade – or simply about the payment of customs (portoria) on goods traded on the Euphrates and Tigris. Many modern historians consider that Trajan's decision to wage war against Parthia might have had economic motives: after Trajan's annexation of Arabia, he built a new road, Via Traiana Nova, that went from Bostra to Aila on the Red Sea. Citizens were sent to Rome for trial. [167] The fact that it was subsidized by means of interest payments on loans made by landowners – mostly large ones, assumed to be more reliable debtors[168] – actually benefited a very low percentage of potential welfare recipients (Paul Veyne has assumed that, in the city of Veleia, only one child out of ten was an actual beneficiary) – thus the idea, put forth by Moses I. Finley, that the grandiose aims amounted to at most a form of random charity, an additional imperial benevolence. EUR 22,00. [286], Some theologians such as Thomas Aquinas discussed Trajan as an example of a virtuous pagan. [215] This newer, more "rational" frontier, depended, however, on an increased, permanent Roman presence east of the Euphrates. Trajan was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in present-day Spain, an Italic settlement in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica. [14] Trajan himself was just one of many well-known Ulpii in a line that continued long after his own death. Brian Campbell, "War and Diplomacy: Rome & Parthia 31 BC - AD 235". NO. Trajan a gravi la carrière des honneurs jusqu'au consulat en 91. ", Šašel, Jaroslav. [236] However, all the other territories conquered by Trajan were retained. [231] Another hypothesis is that the rulers of Charax had expansionist designs on Parthian Babylon, giving them a rationale for alliance with Trajan. May you rule fortunate like Augustus and better than Trajan. [297] The biography by the German historian Karl Strobel stresses the continuity between Domitian's and Trajan's reigns, saying that Trajan's rule followed the same autocratic and sacred character as Domitian's, culminating in a failed Parthian adventure intended as the crown of his personal achievement. He had to renounce claim to some regions of his kingdom, return all Roman runaways (most of them technical experts), and surrender all his war machines. [285] After the setbacks of the third century, Trajan, together with Augustus, became in the Later Roman Empire the paragon of the most positive traits of the Imperial order. [16], In 91, Trajan was created ordinary Consul for the year, which was a great honour as he was in his late thirties and therefore just above the minimum legal age (32) for holding the post. Michael Alexander Speidel: "Bellicosissimus Princeps". Their military function fulfilled, most of them fell into disrepair or were wrecked on purpose after Trajan's reign: cf. Use cases: Volumes are most useful when you need more storage space but don't need the additional processing power or memory that a larger Droplet would provide, like:. Literary sources relate that Trajan had considered others, such as the jurist Lucius Neratius Priscus, as heir. [77] It is noteworthy that an embassy from Dio's city of Prusa was not favorably received by Trajan,[78] and that this had to do with Dio's chief objective, which was to elevate Prusa to the status of a free city, an "independent" city-state exempt from paying taxes to Rome. [28] Sura is also described as telling Hadrian in 108 about his selection as imperial heir. Allocution de l'Empereur Trajan Bas relief Arc Constantin François Perrier 1645 | Art, antiquités, Art du XIXe et avant, Estampes, gravures, lithos | eBay! [152], Trajan built several new buildings, monuments and roads in Italia and his native Hispania. J.E. Légat de Germanie supérieure, il est adopté par Nerva et associé à son pouvoir (97), puis lui succède en 98. [255], Quietus was promised a consulate[256] in the following year (118) for his victories, but he was killed before this could occur, during the bloody purge that opened Hadrian's reign, in which Quietus and three other former consuls were sentenced to death after being tried on a vague charge of conspiracy by the (secret) court of the Praetorian Prefect Attianus. [299] For Paul Veyne, what is to be retained from Trajan's "stylish" qualities was that he was the last Roman emperor to think of the empire as a purely Italian and Rome-centered hegemony of conquest. République romaine509 – 27 av. J.-C. Il meurt avant que celle-ci ait eu le temps de le renverser. [192] Commercial activity in second century Mesopotamia seems to have been a general phenomenon, shared by many peoples within and without the Roman Empire, with no sign of a concerted Imperial policy towards it. [280], Ancient sources on Trajan's personality and accomplishments are unanimously positive. Volumes are region-specific resources. In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by the old and childless Nerva, who proved to be unpopular with the army. [206] This interpretation is backed by the fact that all subsequent Roman wars against Parthia would aim at establishing a Roman presence deep into Parthia itself.